Steven Strogatz in Grant Sanderson o tem, zakaj se matematika še vedno splača
Izvirni naslov vira: Steven Strogatz o človeški plati matematike
UI lahko preoblikuje matematično odkrivanje in poklicne poti, ne da bi izničila vrednost ukvarjanja z matematiko, njenega učenja in deljenja z drugimi. Steven Strogatz in Grant Sanderson to vrednost vidita v razumevanju, osebnem trudu, poučevanju, individualnosti in človeški povezanosti, ob tem pa razmišljata o novih oblikah dela s pomočjo UI in matematičnega izobraževanja.
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- UI bi lahko razširila krog ljudi, ki se ukvarjajo z matematiko, saj bi tehnična podkovanost postala manj odločilna, radovednost, občutek za izbiro in povezovanje pa bi dobili več prostora. Vendar bi lahko sčasoma presegla ljudi celo pri razlaganju in snovanju teorij, zato je prihodnost matematičnih poklicev negotova. Strogatz meni, da bi človeška matematika kljub premoči strojev lahko ostala dragocena, UI pa bi lahko omogočila velik napredek pri praktičnih uporabah. Človeško razumevanje prinaša užitek in odkritja, vendar njegov zgodovinski pomen ne dokazuje, da ga bo napredek potreboval tudi v prihodnje. Sanderson trdi, da poučevanje, človeška motivacija in prispevki diplomantov zunaj akademskega sveta upravičujejo ohranjanje matematičnih oddelkov. Akademski ugled bi se lahko bolj opiral na skupno razumevanje in uživanje v matematiki kot na povsem nove rezultate. Takšno vrednotenje še vedno zahteva dejavno ukvarjanje z matematiko: trud in odkrivanje razvijata estetski čut, ki bi ga lahko že pripravljeni odgovori UI spodkopali. Študenti in oddelki bi lahko raziskovali bolj individualne oblike doktorskega dela s pomočjo UI, namesto da prevzemajo ustaljena merila. Navsezadnje imajo matematični dosežki svoje mesto v smiselnem človeškem življenju. Strogatz v svojem naslednjem življenjskem poglavju daje prednost času z ženo in skupnemu učenju pred nadaljnjo popularizacijo.
- Grant Sanderson pravi, da je za blog Terryja Taa napisal prispevek s predlogom, naj akademska matematika razlaganju prizna večji ugled. Pogost odziv je bilo vprašanje, kaj bi se zgodilo, če bi UI postala nadčloveško dobra razlagalka. u54–56 ·
- Strogatz je UI prosil, naj pripravi vprašanja za njegov izpit iz kompleksne analize, in ugotovil, da so ustrezna, a rutinska. Svoje razočaranje omeji s pripombo, da so preprosta vprašanja lahko primerna za študente pod izpitnim pritiskom. u60–65 · Njegova kritika se nanaša na zanimivost vprašanj, ne na njihovo ustreznost.
- Strogatz ločitev med čistimi in uporabnimi matematiki opisuje kot nenavaden pojav dvajsetega stoletja. Pravi, da so se največji matematiki pred zadnjimi sto leti ukvarjali z obojim. u141–148 ·
- Strogatz pravi, da razumevanje posebne in splošne relativnosti omogoča popravke atomskih ur, potrebne za natančno delovanje GPS. u155–156 ·
- Steven Strogatz opisuje, kako Newtonovi zakoni in splošni gravitacijski zakon z globljimi načeli pojasnjujejo tako Keplerjeve astronomske zakonitosti kot Galileova opažanja. u178–180 ·
- Steven Strogatz povojni viziji Vannevarja Busha pripisuje zasluge za pomoč pri vzpostavitvi izdatnega financiranja znanstvenih raziskav iz davkoplačevalskih sredstev in plačanega doktorskega študija. u255–258 · Strogatz s tem zgodovinskim primerom poudarja, da sedanja ureditev financiranja akademskega dela ne obstaja od nekdaj.
- Steven Strogatz se spominja srednješolske naloge o trikotniku kot izkušnje, katere občutje je želel znova doživeti skozi matematiko. u282 ·
- Steven Strogatz pravi, da je predmet Math Explorations poučeval trikrat, predvsem študente, ki so z njim izpolnjevali pogoj za dokončanje študija in si matematike ne želijo študirati. u360–363 · Nekateri študenti so že uspešno opravili diferencialni in integralni račun, čeprav jih nadaljnji študij matematike ni zanimal.
- Pri uvodni dejavnosti Stevena Strogatza s prepogibanjem papirja morajo študenti iz lista papirja z enim samim ravnim rezom izrezati enakostranični trikotnik; papir smejo prepogibati. u368–372 · Dejavnost se nadaljuje z drugimi preprostimi liki, preden pride na vrsto raznostranični trikotnik.
- Steven Strogatz poroča, da mu je študent pri predmetu Math Explorations poslal e-pošto, potem ko se je ob koncu tedna več ur ukvarjal z uganko s prepogibanjem papirja, jo nazadnje rešil in opisal močan občutek dosežka. u386–389 · Strogatz študentovo izkušnjo predstavi v kontekstu izrazito negativnega odnosa do matematike v skupini.
- Steven Strogatz kot vir svojih raziskovalno zasnovanih dejavnosti navaja Discovering the Art of Mathematics in ga opisuje kot brezplačno zbirko približno 11 dokumentov PDF za visokošolske študente splošnoizobraževalnih smeri, ki med drugim povezujejo matematiko z glasbo ali plesom. u395–399 · Strogatz pravi, da je dejavnosti mogoče uporabiti tudi v srednji šoli in verjetno na predmetni stopnji osnovne šole.
- Steven Strogatz pravi, da je Poincaré ključna spoznanja teorije kaosa razvil brez računalnika, približno 60 let preden jih je Lorenzovo delo z računalnikom naredilo splošno razumljiva. u459–462 · Strogatz s tem zgodovinskim primerom omeji trditev, da je bilo avtomatizirano računanje nujno za nastanek teorije kaosa.
- Steven Strogatz pravi, da se je popularizacije matematike resno lotil okoli leta 2000 in se z njo ukvarja približno 26 let. u486–487 · Strogatz začetno leto navaja približno.
- Steven Strogatz opisuje, kako med sprehodi s Carol po Cornellovih botaničnih vrtovih fotografira drevesa in jih prepoznava s pomočjo ChatGPT. Zakonca uživata v skupnem spoznavanju narave s pomočjo stroja. u489–491 ·
- Big Math je prva knjiga, ki jo je Steven Strogatz napisal v soavtorstvu, in sicer s prijateljem Alexom Townsendom. Strogatz pravi, da sta zadnji dve leti skupaj razmišljala o tej temi. u499–500 ·
- Strogatz predlaga, naj prihodnji matematiki razvijajo svoje posebne odlike in zanimanja, umetno inteligenco uporabljajo za leme in dokaze, sami pa prispevajo vprašanja, zgodbe in povezave. u42–46 · Predlog je namenjen ljudem, ki razmišljajo o svojem prepoznavnem prispevku k matematiki.
- Strogatz previdno izraža pričakovanje, da bo umetna inteligenca sčasoma presegla ljudi tudi pri okusu, karizmi, zastavljanju vprašanj in oblikovanju teorij, saj so to človeške veščine, ki se jih je mogoče naučiti. Poudarja, da se to še ni zgodilo in da nekateri kolegi to napoved zavračajo. u67–69 ·
- Strogatz napoveduje, da bodo nekateri »obrtniški matematiki« zavračali pomoč umetne inteligence in delali sami ali z drugimi ljudmi. To možnost primerja s tem, da romanopisec Jay Robert Lennon zavrača umetno inteligenco pri ustvarjalnem pisanju. u97–100 ·
- Grant Sanderson nasprotuje prezgodnjemu opuščanju matematičnega izobraževanja zgolj zato, ker bi umetna inteligenca nekoč lahko avtomatizirala področja, kot sta kriptografija in analiza podatkov. Matematično izobraženi ljudje še vedno produktivno prispevajo tudi zunaj akademskega okolja. u287–292 ·
- Grant Sanderson poziva matematike, naj ob spremembah raziskovanja zaradi umetne inteligence razmislijo o novih merilih akademskega ugleda. Poudarja, da lahko matematična skupnost sama izbere, kaj naj šteje pri zaposlovanju, pridobitvi trajnega akademskega položaja in presoji, kaj je vreden doktorat. u295–299 · Predlog je namenjen matematični akademski skupnosti.
- Steven Strogatz predlaga, da bi matematični ugled lahko temeljil na ustvarjanju ali predstavitvi nečesa, v čemer drugi uživajo, ne pa na ustvarjanju nečesa, česar umetna inteligenca ne bi zmogla. Predstavlja si, da bi čista matematika živela naprej z vzajemnim zanimanjem, poučevanjem in skupnim užitkom. u300–304 ·
- Grant Sanderson predlaga odpravo ocenjevanja domačih nalog in sprašuje, ali bi matematično vajo lahko prenesli v skupinsko okolje, namesto da je odvisna od notranje motivacije učencev ali priprave na kratek preizkus pod nadzorom. u391–394 · Predlog zadeva učitelje, ki odločajo, kako spodbuditi vajo in izrabiti čas pri pouku.
- Grant Sanderson si zamišlja doktorat, pri katerem sistemi umetne inteligence odkrijejo na stotine ali tisoče izrekov, študent pa rezultate izbere in poveže ter napiše knjigo, ki povsem novo področje naredi razumljivo. u451–455 · Sanderson to ponuja kot eno od možnih poti za študente, ki želijo ostati na čelu razvoja znanja.
- Grant Sanderson spodbuja podiplomske študente, naj ustvarjajo konkretne primere novega matematičnega dela, namesto da čakajo, da drugi določijo, kakšni naj bodo prihodnji doktorati. Takšni projekti lahko usmerjajo razpravo, tudi če jih oddelki nazadnje zavrnejo. u475–477 · Predlog je namenjen študentom, ki bi lahko pomagali oblikovati spreminjajoča se akademska pričakovanja.
- Strogatz trdi, da lahko šahovski programi povečajo dramatičnost človeških partij, ker razkrijejo hude napake, še preden jih opazijo igralci ali komentatorji. Človeška nepopolnost tako lahko postane del privlačnosti, ne zgolj pomanjkljivost. u80–82 · Šah ponuja analogijo za vrednotenje človeške dejavnosti kljub boljši zmogljivosti strojev.
- Strogatz pravi, da je razlaganje matematike drugemu človeku že samo po sebi vir užitka, prijateljstva in povezanosti. Te družbene koristi dajejo ljudem razlog, da matematične stike varujejo pred posegi vanje. u100 · Vrednost matematike vključuje tudi odnose, ne le uspešnega reševanja problemov.
- Strogatz pravi, da je matematično razumevanje pomembno tako zato, ker prinaša užitek, kot zato, ker poraja nova vprašanja, zamisli in povezave. Razumevanje lahko spodbudi nadaljnje delo posameznika in širše matematične skupnosti. u119–122 · Ta ustvarjalna vloga razumevanja velja tako za čisto kot za uporabno matematiko.
- Strogatz kot primer praktične moči razumevanja navaja, kako je Maxwell v zakonih elektrike in magnetizma prepoznal valovno enačbo. Po njegovem opisu je matematični uvid razkril elektromagnetno naravo svetlobe in postavil temelje brezžičnega sporazumevanja. u149–154 · Primer razširja vrednost razumevanja onkraj užitka in nastajanja nove matematike.
- Steven Strogatz trdi, da zgodovinski prispevek človeškega razumevanja k napredku ne dokazuje, da bi bil napredek nemogoč, če bi namesto ljudi razumela umetna inteligenca. u165–166 · Zgolj zgodovinska koristnost ne dokazuje prednosti, ki bi bila lastna samo ljudem.
- Steven Strogatz predstavlja Fermatov zadnji izrek kot problem, ki usmerja raziskovanje in ob katerem je lahko razvoj matematike pomembnejši od samega izreka. Nastajanje nove matematike opredeljuje kot eno glavnih vrednosti čiste matematike. u210–214 · Po tem pojmovanju rešitev prvotnega problema ni edino merilo matematičnega dosežka.
- Grant Sanderson trdi, da matematični oddelki družbi koristijo tudi z izobraževanjem ljudi, ki ne postanejo profesorji. Njihovi diplomanti sposobnosti matematičnega reševanja problemov prenašajo v druge poklice, zato so ti oddelki pomembni tudi za širše pojmovanje matematičnega dela. u240–242 · Če upoštevamo le zaposlovanje v akademskem okolju, spregledamo pomembno korist matematičnega izobraževanja.
- Grant Sanderson trdi, da izobraževanje ni odvisno le od jasnosti razlage, temveč tudi od motivacije, ki izvira iz človeških odnosov. Pravi, da mu že vedenje, da je o neki temi pisal Steven Strogatz, vzbudi več zanimanja zanjo, kot bi ga same besede. u246–248 · Boljše avtomatizirane razlage ne bi nujno nadomestile družbene vloge izobraževanja.
- Grant Sanderson pravi, da so se številni matematiki, s katerimi govori, podali v matematiko, da bi znova doživeli poseben občutek zadovoljstva ob razumevanju, ne pa predvsem zato, da bi prvi prišli do odkritij ali se pridružili skupnosti. Pričakuje, da bo ta motivacija obstala tudi ob večjih sposobnostih umetne inteligence. u278–284 · Za osebno zadovoljstvo ob matematiki ni treba prekašati druge inteligence.
- Steven Strogatz izraz nečimrnost v Pridigarju razume kot početje nečesa zaman, ne kot domišljavost. Povezuje ga s paro ali dihom in odlomek bere kot poudarek minljivosti življenja ter odsotnosti pomirjujočega smisla. u310–316 · Ta razlaga pomaga pojasniti, zakaj Strogatz Pridigarja označuje za neizprosnega, ne pa tolažilnega.
- Grant Sanderson meni, da njegov občutek za matematično lepoto deloma izvira iz tega, da kot reševalec problemov prepozna nepričakovana orodja, ki jih je mogoče večkrat uporabiti. Rodovne funkcije ponazarjajo, kako se lahko presenečenje in splošna uporabnost združita v estetski odziv. u340–346 · Privlačnost matematičnih razlag je lahko odvisna od izkušenj, ki jih zunanje občinstvo nima.
- Steven Strogatz zavrnitev namiga pri uganki z raznostraničnim trikotnikom razume kot pristen matematični trenutek: prejšnji uspehi so v učencih vzbudili željo, da bi problem rešili sami, čeprav ni imel praktičnega pomena. u379–384 · Zavzetost učencev pri reševanju igre postane dokaz njihove matematične angažiranosti.
- Steven Strogatz pravi, da je bila pomembna spodbuda, da postane dober raziskovalec, možnost dostopa do ustanov, kjer bi lahko poučeval študente, ki jih je želel poučevati. Poučevanje in učenje ima za temeljni dejavnosti, ob tem pa poudarja tudi svojo pristno ljubezen do raziskovanja. u418–429 · Strogatz izrecno poudarja, da je ta razvrstitev prednostnih nalog njegova osebna, ne pa značilna za druge.
- Steven Strogatz trdi, da lahko računalniška vizualizacija naredi prej nedostopne matematične uvide razumljive. Poincaréjevo miselno podobo homokliničnega prepleta, ki je ni narisal, primerja s poznejšimi računalniškimi risbami in Mandelbrotovim vizualnim raziskovanjem fraktalov. u468–472 · Računalniška orodja lahko preobrazijo posredovanje in raziskovanje matematike, tudi kadar je temeljni uvid starejši od njih.
- Strogatz previdno zagovarja možnost, da bi UI v matematiki močno izenačila možnosti, zmanjšala prevlado tehnične spretnosti pri reševanju problemov in omogočila sodelovanje na visoki ravni tudi ljudem z veliko radovednostjo, dobrim občutkom za izbiro, pripovedno žilico ali sposobnostjo prepoznavanja povezav. u28–32 ·
- Strogatz razlikuje med sedanjo močjo UI pri reševanju matematičnih problemov in njeno šibkostjo pri snovanju teorij in novih pojmov. Pri reševanju problemov jo označuje za nadčloveško, pri snovanju teorij pa za slabšo od najboljših ljudi. u57–58 ·
- Strogatz previdno napoveduje, da bodo ljudje človeškost, vključno s človeško krhkostjo in zmotljivostjo, bolj cenili, ko bo UI presegla človeške umske sposobnosti. Človeška matematika bi nam lahko ostala pri srcu, tudi če bo slabša od strojne. u78–87 ·
- Strogatz meni, da bi UI lahko omogočila zlato dobo uporabne matematike, saj matematična podkovanost ne bi bila več ozko grlo, odkrivanje pa bi usmerjali domišljija, občutek za izbiro in cilji. Manj optimističen je glede možnosti, da bi človek prvi rešil probleme na izrazito izoliranih področjih čiste matematike. u105–108 ·
- Steven Strogatz previdno zagovarja možnost, da bi človeško razumevanje postalo manj pomembno kot gonilo napredka, a bi še vedno prinašalo užitek. Meni, da lahko matematika ohrani vrednost sama po sebi, tako kot glasba ali druge prijetne dejavnosti. u194–196 ·
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- Video Scott Aaronson: The Mathocalypse, Will Intelligence Matter Anymore? · u221–226 ↗
Scott Aaronson argues that unsolved AI alignment requires humans to retain control and understand how AI systems work. Mathematics and programming therefore remain important to learn even where AI can outperform humans.
Aaronson stresses the continuing practical necessity of human understanding, whereas Strogatz anticipates its declining importance for progress.
Kako lahko držita oba: Human understanding can become less important for generating advances while remaining necessary for AI control and safety.
- Video Scott Aaronson: The Mathocalypse, Will Intelligence Matter Anymore? · u221–226 ↗
- Steven Strogatz trdi, da razprave o matematiki in UI navsezadnje zadevajo smisel življenja in to, kaj si ljudje od svojega življenja želijo. Zavrača enačenje vsega napredka s tehnološkimi dosežki ter poudarja srečo, prijaznost, ljubezen in to, da smo ljubljeni. u197–202 ·
- Grant Sanderson napoveduje, da bi poučevanje, ki ga opravljajo ljudje, lahko omogočilo obstoj matematičnih oddelkov, tudi če UI preseže človeško matematično raziskovanje. Njegov argument predpostavlja, da bodo univerze in družbene strukture, kakršne v splošnem poznamo, obstale. u244–249 ·
- Steven Strogatz trdi, da se je z matematiko vredno ukvarjati zaradi smisla in človeških vezi, ki jih prinaša v kratkem življenju, ne glede na to, ali so stroji ali drugi matematiki boljši. u325–329 ·
- Steven Strogatz trdi, da je za pristno doživljanje vrednosti matematike potrebno ukvarjanje z njo, ne le gledanje razlag; tudi osnovni problemi lahko omogočijo globoko matematično izkušnjo. u366–367 ·
- Steven Strogatz želi, da bi ljudje lahko svobodno izražali svojo individualnost s smiselnim matematičnim delom, namesto da se prilagajajo predpisanemu vzorcu dosežkov. u440–443 ·
- Steven Strogatz namerava matematiko v prihodnje popularizirati le še v majhnem obsegu ali pa sploh ne več, saj je pisanje njegovi družini jemalo čas in pozornost. Zdaj mu več pomeni preživljanje časa z ženo Carol. u482–488 ·
- Steven Strogatz svoje naslednje življenjsko poglavje vidi v vlogi večnega učenca, ne v nadaljevanju popularizacije matematike. u494 ·
- Ali je v uporabni matematiki zmogljiv stroj za reševanje problemov nedvoumno koristen ali pa matematični napredek zahteva še kaj več kot pridobivanje rešitev? u114–115 · Strogatz v odgovoru razlikuje med užitkom, zmožnostjo porajanja novih spoznanj in praktično močjo, ki jih prinaša razumevanje.
- Ali mora človek razumeti matematično odkritje, da bi to privedlo do koristnih uporab, ali pa bi umetna inteligenca lahko ustvarila tako odkritje kot koristi, ki iz njega izhajajo? u157–160 ·
- Zakaj bi se ljudje učili matematike, če jo lahko namesto njih opravlja umetna inteligenca? u271–273 · Sanderson ponudi tako umetniški odgovor o veselju do razumevanja kot utilitarni odgovor o matematičnem usposabljanju, uporabnem tudi drugod.
- Ali javna razprava o umetni inteligenci in o tem, ali je matematika že rešena, spreminja način, kako Steven Strogatz piše ali govori o matematiki za širšo javnost? u479–480 · Strogatz vprašanje preusmeri k temu, kaj zaradi njegovega pisanja izgublja družina, in k svoji želji, da bi se umaknil iz popularizacije.
- Steven Strogatz opredeli eksistencialno vprašanje v ozadju razprave o matematičnem delu. u304 · Ta izraz strne premik pogovora od poklicne koristnosti k vrednosti končnega človeškega življenja.
- Steven Strogatz opiše človeške odnose, ki so v središču njegovega raziskovalnega življenja. u432 · Ta poved povezuje njegov opis sodelovanja pri raziskovanju s temo človeškega smisla, ki se v pogovoru večkrat ponovi.
- Strogatz čuti odgovornost, da spodbuja mlade matematike, vendar noče, da bi spodbujanje preraslo v zanikanje posledic umetne inteligence. Pravi, da zaradi negotovosti nihče ne more zanesljivo presoditi, ali matematiko čaka mračna prihodnost. u15–19 · Nasveti študentom morajo uravnotežiti upanje in iskrenost glede neznane prihodnosti.
- Strogatz povzema stališče Jacoba Zimmermana, da bi bilo matematike kot poklica konec, če bi umetna inteligenca pri vseh matematičnih dejavnostih postala boljša od ljudi. Sanderson ta sklep zavrača, hkrati pa se sprašuje, ali ga ljubezen do matematikov ne dela pristranskega. u73–76 · Razprava predpostavlja vsestransko premoč umetne inteligence, ne pa, da je ta že dosežena.
- Sanderson postavlja pod vprašaj analogijo med uživanjem ob nepopolnih izvajalcih in izbiro matematične kariere: bodoči matematiki si morda želijo utirati pot z odkritji, ne pa tega, da bi občinstvo cenilo njihove neuspehe. u92–96 · Ta pomislek odpira vprašanje, kaj prihodnost, osredinjena na človeškost, dejansko ponuja nekomu, ki razmišlja o doktoratu iz matematike.
- Strogatz primerja kulturo, povezano s Thurstonom, ki reševanje problemov ceni kot sredstvo za razumevanje, s kulturo, povezano z Erdősem, ki razumevanje ceni kot sredstvo za reševanje problemov. u128–134 · Kulturi se ne strinjata o tem, katera matematična dejavnost je cilj in katera sredstvo.
- Steven Strogatz domneva, da sčasoma niti odlični učitelji z umetno inteligenco ne bodo več mogli biološko nespremenjenim ljudem razumljivo pojasniti naprednih odkritij. Napredek bi se lahko nadaljeval, ljudje pa bi izgubili sposobnost razumevanja njegovih temeljev. u188–193 · Strogatz nadaljevanje napredka pogojuje s tem, da preživimo močno umetno inteligenco in druge grožnje.
- Steven Strogatz meni, da Goldbachova domneva kljub preprosti formulaciji poraja manj nove matematike in je manj povezana z drugimi področji kot Fermatov zadnji izrek. Ob tem priznava, da je tudi z Goldbachovo domnevo povezana lepa matematika. u215–218 · Primerjava ločuje preprostost problema od bogastva matematike, ki jo ta poraja.
- Steven Strogatz se sprašuje, kako dolgo bodo še obstajali javno financirano raziskovanje in plačan podiplomski študij, ter nakazuje, da je k njunemu upravičevanju pripomoglo tekmovanje med hladno vojno. Z Grantom Sandersonom se strinjata, da bi se matematika lahko ohranila kot učiteljski poklic, tudi če bi financiranje raziskav izginilo. u260–267 · Preživetje zaposlitev v matematiki je ločeno od ohranitve sedanjega financiranja matematičnih raziskav.
- Steven Strogatz pravi, da bi zelo slabo vplivalo na njegov čut za matematično lepoto, če bi mu umetna inteligenca ponudila odgovore na probleme, s katerimi se je ukvarjal v mladosti. u352–356 · Enostaven dostop do rešitev ogroža oblikovalno izkušnjo napornega prebijanja do odkritij.
- Steven Strogatz priznava, da predmet Math Explorations, ki temelji na raziskovalnem učenju, napreduje počasi in po običajnih merilih študente nauči malo, vendar zagovarja stališče, da je sprememba njihovega odnosa pomemben učni dosežek. u395–401 · Nekateri študenti se še vedno ne želijo učiti matematike, vendar zdaj razumejo, zakaj jo drugi ljubijo.
- Grant Sanderson meni, da bi bil zaradi pretresov v matematiki sedanji čas lahko izjemno primeren za začetek doktorskega študija, Steven Strogatz pa opozarja, da je večja svoboda odvisna od tega, ali jo bodo oddelki prepoznali. u473–474 · Strogatz pravi, da se oddelki zavedajo, da morajo znova premisliti o zahtevah doktorskega študija, vendar o tem še niso resno razpravljali.
- Stevena Strogatza pisanje hkrati izčrpava in mu daje energijo: ustvarjanje knjig ga izjemno osrečuje, vendar pisanje in njihova promocija podaljšujeta njegovo odsotnost iz družinskega življenja. Ob veselem sodelovanju z Alexom Townsendom se še bolj zaveda časa, ki ga ne preživlja s Carol. u498–501 · Strogatz pravi, da je bolj ali manj obljubil, da ne bo več pisal.
- Tudi če UI preseže človeške matematične sposobnosti, se je z matematiko še vedno lahko vredno ukvarjati zaradi užitkov, ki jih ponuja sama po sebi, njenih izobraževalnih koristi, osebnega izražanja in človeških vezi, ne zgolj zaradi tekmovalne premoči. Zakaj se je vredno učiti matematiko, se z njo ukvarjati in v njej graditi poklicno pot, če UI postane boljša od ljudi?
Kako utemeljuje
- thesis Mathematics retains human value beyond superiority to machines What makes learning, doing, and pursuing a career in mathematics worthwhile if AI becomes better at it than humans?
- theme AI redistributes mathematical opportunity AI could broaden mathematical participation while eventually surpassing even the human strengths proposed as alternatives to technical prowess.
- theme Understanding matters beyond driving progress Understanding generates discoveries and pleasure, but its historical importance does not prove that future progress requires human comprehension.
- question Does applied progress require more than solutions?
- idea Understanding brings pleasure and generates further mathematics
- tension Understanding and problem solving compete as ultimate ends
- example Maxwell's insight connected understanding with practical power
- example Relativity makes accurate GPS corrections possible
- example Newton unified observations through deeper explanatory principles
- example Fermat's problem generated value beyond its solution
- question Could AI deliver applications without human understanding?
- idea Historical human contributions do not establish future necessity
- idea Understanding can retain pleasure after losing instrumental primacy
- theme Human meaning outlasts mathematical superiority Mathematics can remain worthwhile through enjoyment, relationships, and personal meaning rather than being better than others.
- idea Meaning and connection matter more than comparative superiority
- theme Appreciation requires doing mathematics The satisfaction and aesthetic understanding produced by mathematical effort give learning a purpose that automated answers cannot simply replace.
- question Why learn mathematics when AI can do it?
- idea The satisfaction of understanding survives superior AI
- idea Genuine appreciation requires participation, not merely watching
- argument Problem solving shapes appreciation of beautiful tools
- example Math Explorations engages reluctant mathematics students
- evidence Students refused hints to preserve their own discovery
- evidence Weekend puzzle effort produced intense accomplishment
- tension Slow inquiry changes attitudes despite limited conventional coverage
- action Consider communal practice instead of graded homework
- theme Teaching can sustain mathematical institutions Human motivation and the broader benefits of mathematical education could sustain departments even if their research role declines.
- idea Human teaching could sustain departments after AI supremacy
- theme Mathematicians can redefine worthwhile achievement The community can recognize individual expression, explanation, and AI-assisted synthesis by changing academic standards and demonstrating new forms of work.
- idea The community can choose new academic status criteria
- action Reward shared enjoyment rather than superiority to AI
- argument Meaningful work should allow individual mathematical expression
- example A PhD could synthesize thousands of AI discoveries
- tension New PhD freedoms depend on departmental recognition
- action Build new mathematical projects before standards are settled
- idea The community can choose new academic status criteria
Vir, odlomek za odlomkom
Prepis, preveden z umetno inteligenco iz angleščine.
- u1 Ponovni zagon podkasta 3b1bRelaunching the 3b1b Podcast
- u2 Pred približno petimi leti sem poskusno zagnal podkast, poimenoval sem ga podkast 3Blue1Brown, in v bistvu sem celo poletje imel različne pogovore s številnimi matematiki in ustvarjalci vsebin. Ob koncu tistega poletja se spomnim, da sem razmišljal: »Okej, to je zabavno. To bi čisto lahko počel še naprej, ampak ali svet res potrebuje še en podkast?« Poleg tega pa sem hotel večino časa posvetiti ustvarjanju videov.About 5 years ago, I experimented with starting up a podcast, called it the 3Blue1Brown podcast, and essentially I spent a summer having various conversations with a lot of mathematicians, a lot of content creators, and at the time, at the end of that summer, I remember reflecting, "Okay, this is fun. I could totally keep doing this, but does the world really need another podcast?" And also, I just kind of want to concentrate most of my time making videos.
0:00 · Man speaking to camera in front of bookshelf · A video still of a short-haired man in a blue-gray t-shirt looking at the camera, mouth slightly open as if speaking. A small lavalier microphone is clipped to his collar. Behind him are a dark bookshelf full of colorful books with a lit lamp on top, a white door with a wooden frame and a climbing-style hangboard above it, and framed prints on the wall. - u3 To je bilo leta 2021. Zdaj, leta 2026, je svet precej drugačen. Še posebej matematični svet ves gori od razprav o tem, kaj se z matematiko dogaja ob prisotnosti umetne inteligence. In mislim, da se je veliko ljudi preprosto ustavilo in razmislilo, kaj jim matematika pomeni, kaj je pri njej dragoceno, kaj bi radi ohranili v njeni kulturi, kaj jih skrbi in kaj navdušuje.That was 2021. The world is pretty different here in 2026. In particular, the math world has been completely on fire describing what is happening to mathematics in the presence of AI. And in particular, I think a lot of people have just been stepping back and reflecting on what is mathematics to them, what is valuable about it, what is it that they want to keep about the culture, where are they worried, where are they excited.
- u4 Veliko takih pogovorov sem tako ali tako že imel, zato sem se odločil: »Hej, pa spet zaženimo podkast in te pogovore delimo z vami.« V prvi epizodi prenovljenega podkasta sem gostil Stevena Strogatza, s katerim se je vedno prijetno pogovarjati, ki je vedno odličen pripovedovalec in ki v vsakem najinem pogovoru, na spletu ali v živo, vedno pove nekaj povsem nepričakovanega, em.And I've been having a lot of these conversations anyway, so I decided, "Hey, let's just spin up the podcast again and share these conversations with some of you." For this first episode of the revamp, I had on Steven Strogatz, always a delight to talk to, always a great storyteller, and he always just has something completely unexpected uh that he says in any conversation that I have with him, on or offline.
- u5 Mislim torej, da boste v tej epizodi res uživali. Prenovo omogoča tudi to, da letos [glasba] širim ekipo. Ta podkast tako v veliki meri nastaja po zaslugi nove producentke Ashley, zato se ji iskreno zahvaljujem. Pogovora, ki ga boste slišali, ne bodo prekinjala sponzorska sporočila, če pa želite podpreti 3Blue1Brown in povezane projekte, je za to najboljša stran na Patreonu.So, I think you're really going to enjoy this one. The other thing helping to make the revamp possible is that I've been taking on more of a team this [music] year. And so, in particular, this podcast comes to you much thanks to a new producer, Ashley, so many thanks to her. The conversation itself you're about to hear will be uninterrupted by sponsor reads, but if you do want to support 3Blue1Brown and its associated projects, the Patreon page is the best place to do that.
- u6 Tam so ugodnosti, kot je zgodnji ogled novih videov. Če pa kdo od vas išče novo službo ali poklicno pot, imam tudi nabor partnerskih podjetij na 3b1b.co/talent, ki dejavno zaposlujejo in jih zanimajo ljudje, kot ste vi: ljudje, ki jih matematika in sorodna področja globoko zanimajo in se z njimi ukvarjajo.There's perks like early views of new videos. Alternatively, if any of you are looking for new jobs or new careers, I have a set of partner companies you can find at 3b1b.co/talent who are actively recruiting and interested in hiring people like you, the kind of people who are deeply curious about and engaged with math and its surrounding fields.
- u7 S tem pa se potopimo v pogovor s Stevom Strogatzem. Umetna inteligencaWith that, let's dive into the conversation with Steve Strogatz. AI
- u8 Umetna inteligenca je glavna tema pogovorov med matematikiAI is the conversation among mathematicians
- u9 je glavna tema pogovorov med matematiki.is the conversation among mathematicians.
1:58 · Split-screen video interview of two men with microphones · A split-screen still shows two men in separate locations, each speaking at a microphone, as in a recorded podcast or video interview. On the left, a man in glasses and over-ear headphones sits before a window view of towers and water. On the right, a man in a gray-blue T-shirt sits in front of bookshelves and a white door. - u10 >> Res je in morala bi govoriti o njej. Jaz jaz sem zelo jaz jaz vsak dan spremenim mnenje. Rad bi slišal, kaj misliš ti. Em.>> It is, and we ought to talk about it. I I'm very I I change my mind every day. I'd like to hear what you think. Um
- u11 >> No, okej. Kaj kako kako si spremenil mnenje? Recimo v zadnjem letu, kaj ti je spremenilo mnenje?>> Well, okay. What how how have you changed your mind? Like in the last year, what have been some things that have changed your mind?
- u12 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u13 >> No, vprašanje je, ali je pravi odziv žalost ali ekstaza ali vznesenost ali preprosto velikanska negotovost. Em.>> Well, it's a question of whether grief is the right reaction or ecstasy or exhilaration or just massive uncertainty. Um
- u14 >> Prav ta trenutek, od od teh štirih, ki si jih pravkar sli- em naštel, kaj je trenutno v tvojih mislih najbolj v ospredju?>> Right this moment of of those of the four that you just listened uh listed, what's the most salient in your mind right now?
- u15 >> Zelo se trudim biti vznesen.>> I'm trying very hard to be exhilarated.
- u16 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u17 >> Jaz jaz čutim neko odgovornost, da mlajše spodbujam, naj nadaljujejo nadaljujejo boj, naj ne Saj veš, če preveč poudarjaš žalost, se pojavi občutek, da je področje morda mrtvo.>> I I feel like I have some responsibility to encourage younger people to keep keep up the fight, to not You know, like if you go too hard on grief there is a sense that like is the subject dead?
- u18 Je z matematiko konec? In če je, em, veš, predstavljaj si, da si še mlajši od sebe. Kako bi se človek počutil? Bi pomislil: jaz jaz ne morem, veš, to področje imam rad, zdaj pa se ne morem podati vanj. Tega tega sporočila nočem pošiljati.Is math over? And if so uh you know, I mean, imagine being even younger than you are. How would a person feel? Would they think I I can't you know, I love this subject and now I can't go into it. I don't I don't want to send that message.
- u19 Po drugi strani pa nočem biti nerealen. Če je to resnica, bi se morda morali soočiti z njo. Zelo je zmedeno, ker nihče ne pozna resnice, kajne? Toliko negotovosti je glede tega, kaj se bo zgodilo.On the other hand, I don't want to be unrealistic. If that's the truth, maybe we ought to face the truth. It's very confusing cuz no one knows the truth, right? There's so much uncertainty about what's going to happen.
- u20 Kaj reči študentu, ki razmišlja o matematiki?What do you tell a student considering math?
- u21 >> To je pravzaprav prvo vprašanje na mojem seznamu: kaj trenutno govoriš študentom? Ker jaz jaz bi rad naredil video, posnel nekaj, kar je v bistvu em posebej namenjeno tistim študentom, ki morda razmišljajo o doktoratu iz matematike.>> This is actually the first question on my list is what are you telling students right now? Cuz I I want to make a video like record some video that's basically just uh specifically addressed at those students who were maybe thinking of going into a math PhD.
- u22 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u23 >> Em, težava težava je v tem, da ne poznam prihodnosti. Ne bom se pretvarjal, da jo, imam pa nekaj precej trdnih napovedi ali mnenj, ki po mojem dajejo nekaj razlogov za optimizem. Ampak jaz jaz nočem [odkašljevanje] polagati besed v usta. Zanima me. Študent [smeh] Študent pride v tvojo pisarno.>> Um and the the hard part of it is like I don't know the future. I'm not going to pretend like I do, but I also have some somewhat firm like predictions or opinions that I think lend a certain optimism there. But I I don't want to lead the [clears throat] witness at all. I'm curious. Student [laughter] Student walks into your office.
- u24 Reče: »Profesor Strogatz, matematiko imam rad že vse življenje. Mislil sem, da želim postati matematik, ampak gledam vse, kar se zdaj dogaja, in se sprašujem, ali vstopam na mrtvo področje.« Ti sediš v pisarni na drugi strani mize. Kaj mu rečeš?They're like, "Professor Strogatz, I have loved math all of my life. I thought I wanted to be a mathematician, but I'm I'm looking at everything that's happening now, and I'm I'm wondering if I'm walking into a dead field." You in your office on the other side of that desk, what do you tell them?
- u25 Umetna inteligenca kot velika izenačevalka možnostiAI as the great equalizer
- u26 Kar jim govorim danesWhat I'm telling them as of today
- u27 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u28 >> je, em, da je to morda pravzaprav čudovit čas za vstop v matematiko. Nočem biti preveč dokončen, em, tega ne morem reči iz vsega srca, ker je toliko negotovosti. A kolikor lahko presodim, se zdi, da bi umetna inteligenca lahko močno izenačila možnosti v tem smislu, da je nekoč tehnična moč pomenila glavno odliko, ki jo je matematik potreboval.>> is um it might actually be a wonderful time to go into math. I don't want to put too definitive uh I can't say it with my full heart because there's so much uncertainty. But to the extent that I can figure it out, it seems like AI might be a great equalizer in the sense that there was a time when technical power was the number one strength that a mathematician needed.
- u29 Torej, če si bil res dober reševalec problemov, em, hiter, prodoren, s širokim znanjem, sposoben slediti zapletenim verigam sklepanja in jih sestavljati, vse tisto, kar povezujemo z obvladovanjem matematike v smislu reševanja problemov.So if you were a really good problem-solver, uh fast, deep, widely knowledgeable, able to follow intricate chains of reasoning, construct them, all those kinds of things that you think of as being good at math in the problem-solving sense.
- u30 Em, to so bile nekoč bistvene značilnosti močnega, vrhunskega matematika. Zdaj pa imam občutek, da je po teh spretnostih manj povpraševanja in da ga bo verjetno manj tudi v prihodnjih letih.Uh those used to be like the quintessential aspects of being a strong, high-caliber mathematician. And I feel like those skills are less in demand now and probably in the years to come.
5:07 · Man with headphones speaking at microphone in studio · A video still shows a middle-aged man with glasses and over-ear headphones, wearing an olive-green button-up shirt, speaking with his hands clasped in front of him. A studio microphone on a boom arm is in the foreground. Behind him is a backdrop image of a hilltop campus with a clock tower, stone and brick buildings, and a lake in the distance. - u31 Ne da ne pomenijo nič, ampak pomislimo še na druge lastnosti dobrih matematikov ali dobrih raziskovalcev nasploh. Radovednost, okus, presoja o tem, kaj je zanimivo, sposobnost povedati dobro zgodbo, povezovati z resničnim svetom, povezovati z drugimi deli matematike.Not that they're nothing, but let's think of other things that make people good mathematicians or good researchers generally. Curiosity, taste, deciding what's interesting, the ability to tell a good story, to to connect to the real world, to connect to other parts of math.
- u32 Takšne stvari, če si bil tehnično šibek ali povprečen, nisi mogel zares sodelovati na zelo visoki ravni. Zdaj pa mislim, da lahko. In tako jaz Pred dnevi sem govoril s skupino študentov. Imamo nekakšen matematični klub in profesorje vabijo, naj jim pridejo povedat, kaj se dogaja.Those kinds of things, if you are technically weak or average, you couldn't really play at a very high level. But now I think you can. And so I The other day I was talking to a group of students. We have like the math club and they've been asking professors to come and talk to them about what's happening.
- u33 Običajno imamo omizje štirih ali petih ljudi in vsi na to gledamo drugače. Ne vem, ali sem se pred dnevi znal povezati s študenti, ampak razmišljal sem, imam namreč dva otroka, ki sta zdaj stara 24 in 26 let, in ves čas mislim na njuno prihodnost. Em, naučila sta me besede, ki jo vsi poznate: rizz.And usually we have a panel of four or five people and we all have different takes on this. And I don't know if I connected with the students the other day, but what I was thinking, I mean, I have two kids who are 24 and 26 right now and I think about their futures all the time. Um they have taught me this word which you all know rizz.
- u34 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u35 Matematični »rizz«Mathematical "rizz"
- u36 >> Veš, kam merim? Kot karizma.>> You know where I'm going? Like charisma.
- u37 >> Ja, ja, ja. Je Jaz Okej, mislim, povej mi, kam meriš.>> Yeah, yeah, yeah. Is it I Okay, I think tell me where you're going.
- u38 >> Sem narobe izgovoril?>> Have I said it wrong?
- u39 >> Ne, ne, [smeh] kolikor jaz To je že mlajše od moje generacije.>> No, no, [laughter] you said it as far as I We're talking below my generation at this point.
- u40 >> Okej, vem, kajne? To je>> Okay, I know, right? This is
- u41 >> Em, ampak ja, govoriva o ocenjevanju, ali ima umetna inteligenca rizz ali ne.>> Um but yeah, we're talking about commenting on whether the AI has rizz or not.
- u42 >> Ne, ne umetna inteligenca. Da je rizz vse bolj iskan, ker je nekaj, kar imajo samo ljudje. In začenjam razmišljati, da bo bodočega matematika ali profesorja matematike opredeljevala njegova edinstvena znamka. Nerad to tako povem.>> No, not the AI. That rizz is in more and more demand because it's something that only people have. And I'm starting to think what makes a future mathematician or a future math professor is your unique brand. I hate to say it that way.
- u43 To zveni poslovno. Ne mislim tako. Mislim tvojo edinstvenost, recimo pomisli pravzaprav jaz Ti si odličen primer. Nekako si jaz Morda je preveč neprijetno, da kažem nate, ampak ti ti si izbral nekaj, kar imaš rad. Mislim, ti si No, okej, preveč bo neprije- Že meni je nerodno zate, ko to govorim.That sounds like business. I don't mean it that way. I mean, your uniqueness as like think of actually I You're a perfect example. You have somehow I maybe too embarrassing to be pointing at you, but you you picked something that you love. I mean, you're a Well, okay, it will be too embarr- I'm getting embarrassed on your behalf to saying it.
- u44 Ampak stvari, ki jih očitno rad počneš, razlaganje, oblikovanje razlag, vizualno prikazovanje, ti veliko pomenijo. Očitno imaš rad to področje, ampak našel si svoj pristop. In izkazalo se je, upam, da te zelo izpolnjuje, in to je zelo em to, kar si nam dal, je darilo preostalemu vesolju.But the things that you seem to like to do explaining, crafting explanations, being visual it's something that means a lot to you. You obviously love the subject, but you found your angle. And it turns out I hope it's been very fulfilling for you and it's very um it's a gift to the rest of the universe what you have given us.
- u45 Mislim, da lahko tudi drugi poskusijo isto po svoje. Kaj jih resnično gane? Ne le kaj jih navdušuje, ampak v čem so dobri? Kaj je njihova njihova temeljna posebnost?And I think other people can try to do the same thing in their own way. What is it that really moves them? Not just their passion, like what are they good at? What's their their fundamentally distinctive thing.
- u46 Kar koli že to je, zdaj lahko to počneš tako, kot pred umetno inteligenco nisi mogel, ker je ta izenačila možnosti s tem, da zna izdelati leme in dokaze. Če znaš postavljati prava vprašanja, povedati dobro zgodbo, najti zanimivo povezavo, lahko sodeluješ na način, kot prej nikoli nisi mogel.Whatever that is, you can now do that in a way that you couldn't before AI because AI has been this equalizer in that it can do the lemmas, it can do the proofs. If you can ask the right questions, if you can tell the good story, if you can make the cool connection, you're in the game in a way that you never were before.
- u47 >> Ta pogled mi je zelo všeč, mislim, ja, izbiramo glede na element matematičnega rizza in bodočih doktorjev ne razlikujemo zgolj po sposobnostih reševanja problemov. K reševanju problemov bi se pozneje pravzaprav rad vrnil, ker mislim, da je tam nekaj odtenkov, v katere se je vredno poglobiti.>> I love this take that I mean yeah, what what we're selecting for is an element of mathematical rizz and that the uh the the PhDs to be are not differentiated based on pure problem-solving abilities. I want to get back to problem-solving later actually cuz I think I think there's something nuanced to to to get into there.
- u48 >> Ja, okej.>> Yeah, okay.
- u49 >> Ampak zgolj glede tega, kaj je matematika oziroma kaj pomeni ukvarjati se z njo zunaj tega, veš, če izpostavim tebe, mislim, da si zelo značilen primer enega bolj karizmatičnih matematikov in si zaradi tega zasluženo zelo spoštovan.>> But simply on the side of what what is math or what is the practice of doing math outside of it, you know, pointing out like you I think you are you are very emblematic of one of the more charismatic mathematicians out there and deservedly like well respected for it.
- u50 Mislim, da znaš z mikrofonom, znaš z ljudmi, znaš nastopati na odru, to pa res pride do izraza tudi v tvojih knjigah. To očitno ni si izjemen reševalec problemov, ampak očitno ljudi pritegne še nekaj več. Em, in zato mislim, da bi bil naraven odziv nekaterih ljudi: ampak gotovo je vse to mogoče izluščiti in zakaj modeli ne bi mogli postati boljši tudi pri tem?And just in that I think you have you have a way with with a microphone, you have a way with people, you have a way on a stage, you have a way in your books that really comes out. That's clearly not you're an amazing problem-solver, but it's it's clearly something more than that that that's drawing people in. Um and so I think a natural response some people might have though would be but surely all of that is something that you can distill and what's to say that you know, the models aren't going to get better than that.
- u51 Em.Um
- u52 >> Tudi sam sem se veliko spraševal o tem.>> I've wondered about that a lot myself.
- u53 Kaj če umetna inteligenca postane nadčloveško dober razlagalec?What if AI becomes a superhuman explainer?
- u54 >> Ja. Torej jaz em jaz jaz sem napisal objavo o tem, da bi akademska matematika morda morala povzdigniti status em nekakšnih razlagalnih vidikov matematike.>> Yeah. So I um I I I'd written up this post on like perhaps academic math should elevate the status of uh of kind of the the explanatory aspects of it.
- u55 >> To sem videl na blogu Terryja Taa, kajne?>> I saw this this on Terry Tao's blog, right?
- u56 >> Za blog Terryja Taa. In eden najpogostejših odgovorov tam je bil: em, seveda, ampak kaj se zgodi, ko umetna inteligenca postane super nadčloveško dober razlagalec, veš, ko je pri tem nadčloveško dobra. Em, kakšno kakšno vlogo to je Zanima me, kako bi odgovoril, em.>> For Terry Tao's blog. And one of the most common replies on there was like uh sure, but like what happens once uh AI is a a super superhuman expositor, you know, it's it's super human at doing that. Um, what what role is that is the I'm curious how you would respond um
- u57 >> Ja, moj odgovor je, da v bistvu sprejemam izhodišče, najprej, da trenutno, najprej govoriva o sedanjosti in nato o prihodnosti. Trenutno umetne inteligence niso dobre pri postavljanju vprašanj.>> Yeah, my answer to that is I think I basically accept the premise first of all, that right now, first of all, let's talk about right now and let's talk about the future. Right now the AIs are not good at asking questions.
- u58 To opažamo pri matematiki na raziskovalnem robu: ne izumljajo novih teorij. Veš, razlikujemo med reševanjem problemov in gradnjo teorij. Pokazale so se kot nadčloveško dobre pri reševanju problemov in slabše od ljudi, če jih primerjamo z najboljšimi pri gradnji teorij.We're seeing this in uh math at the frontier that they are not inventing new theories. You know, we'd make this distinction problem solving and theory building. They've shown them to be super human in problem solving and they're subhuman compared to the very best in theory building.
- u59 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u60 >> Niso Zdaj bi lahko rekel, nič čudnega, za to niso bile učene. Pravzaprav sem jih poskusil pripraviti do sestavljanja izpitnih vprašanj. Ravno danes sem imel vmesni izpit in iz radovednosti sem prosil, veš, sestavi nekaj vprašanj za moj izpit iz kompleksne analize.>> They're not Now, you could say no surprise, they're not trained to do that. In fact, I I've tried to get them to make up test questions. I just gave a prelim exam today and just for a curiosity, I asked, you know, make up some questions for my complex analysis exam.
- u61 Niso bila prav dobra, grozna pa tudi ne.Not very good, not terrible.
- u62 >> V kakšnem smislu? Kje je spodletelo? Kaj je počela drugače, kot bi ti?>> In what way? How did it fail? Like what was it doing that you wouldn't have?
- u63 >> No, bila so ustrezna. Mislim, bila so vsakdanja. Kot iz katerega koli učbenika, nič posebej zanimiva, ampak morda je to pravzaprav dobro. Običajno je dober približek, da če je izpitno vprašanje profesorju preveč zanimivo>> Well, they were competent. I mean, they were pedestrian. They were like any textbook, they weren't particularly interesting, but maybe that's good actually. It's usually a good heuristic that if the question is too interesting to the professor for a test question
- u64 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u65 >> je to slab znak. Pretežko bo. Študenti so pod pritiskom, nočejo zanimivega vprašanja, hočejo preprosto vprašanje. Zato morda ne bi smel reči, da niso bila dobra. Meni niso bila zanimiva. Niso bila sočna vprašanja, ki bi izzvala moje najboljše študente. Bila so zelo rutinska.>> that's a bad sign. It's going to be too hard. And the students are under pressure, they don't want an interesting question, they want a straightforward question. So, maybe I shouldn't say that they weren't good. They they weren't interesting to me. They weren't juicy questions that would challenge my best students. They were very routine.
- u66 Ampak ampak nisem hotel govoriti o tem. Mislim, kar zadeva raziskovalno matematiko, za zdaj niso prav dobre pri em oblikovanju novih konceptov. Morda jih za to nismo učili. Nismo jih učili postavljati vprašanj.But but that really wasn't where I was trying to go. I mean, in the as far as research math they're so far not very good at at um building new concepts. Now, maybe we haven't trained them to do it. We haven't trained them to ask questions.
11:31 · Man with headphones speaking at microphone, campus backdrop · A still from a video shows a middle-aged man with glasses and over-ear headphones, wearing an olive green button-up shirt, speaking into a microphone on a boom arm. He gestures with both hands. Behind him is a backdrop image of a hilltop campus with a clock tower, brick buildings and a lake in the distance. - u67 Učili smo jih odgovarjati na vprašanja in v tem so postale dobre. Torej tisti, ki pravijo: »Poglejte, okus, celo karizma, postavljanje dobrih vprašanj, gradnja teorije, tako kot tega učimo dobre podiplomske študente.« Mislim, to To so spretnosti, ki se jih da naučiti.We've been training them to try to answer questions and they've gotten good at that. So, those people who say, "Look, taste, even charisma, asking good questions, building theory, just like we teach our good grad students to do that." I mean, it These are teachable skills.
- u68 Težke so. Zelo malo ljudi zna učiti, denimo, umetnost odkrivanja. Em, a nekateri so o tem razmišljali. Zato lahko verjetno vse, česar lahko naučiš človeka, naučiš tudi umetno inteligenco. In nekoč bodo pri vsem tem nadčloveško dobre.They're hard. There are very few people who know how to teach, for instance, the art of discovery. Um but there are people who have thought about it. And so, presumably, anything that you could teach a person, you could teach an AI. And at some point, they will be superhuman at all of those things.
- u69 Mislim, da nekako verjamem v to. Jaz jaz To se še ne dogaja. Si pa predstavljam, da se bo v prihodnosti. Imam veliko dobrih kolegov, ki bi rekli: »To ne drži. To se ne bo zgodilo.« Pripovedovanje zgodb. Ja. Torej ne vem. To je odprto.And I think I sort of believe that. I I It's not happening yet. I do imagine it happening in the future. I have a lot of good colleagues who would say, "This is false. This is not going to happen." The storytelling. Yeah. So, I don't know. This is open.
- u70 >> Ja. Vzemiva to kot postulat. Samo, veš, morda ne verjameš, da se bo zgodilo, ampak zanimivo je razmisliti o tem. Ja, kaj kaj kaj bi se zgodilo v takšni>> Yeah. We Let's take it as a postulate. Just, you know, maybe you don't believe it will happen, but it's interesting to to engage with. Yeah, what what what would happen in that
- u71 Bo »matematik« še vedno poklic?Will "mathematician" still be a profession?
- u72 prihodnosti? Em.future? Um
- u73 >> Torej v v tem scenariju, ja, če predpostaviva, da bodo, kot je rekel Jacob Zimmerman, kajne? V enem od intervjujev, v intervjuju, to je povedal v mnogih intervjujih, ampak v pogovoru s Siobhan Roberts za Notices of the American Math Society pravi, da misli, da bodo em preprosto boljše pri vsem.>> So, in in that scenario, yeah, if we stipulate that they will be like Jacob Zimmerman has said that, right? In his one of his interviews, the interview, he said it in a lot of his interviews, but in his interview with um Siobhan Roberts for the Notices of the American Math Society, he says he thinks that uh they will just be better at everything.
12:34 · Man speaking at microphone in home office · A video still shows a short-haired man in a gray t-shirt facing the camera, with a black condenser microphone and pop filter in front of him. Behind him are a tall dark bookshelf full of colorful books, a white door with a wooden climbing hangboard above it, and framed notes on a light blue wall. It looks like a podcast or video recording setup. - u74 One, umetne inteligence, bodo boljše pri reševanju problemov, pri okusu, pri gradnji teorij, pri vsem. Nato pa reče, da zaradi tega matematik v prihodnosti ne bo več poklic.They, the AIs, will be better at problem-solving, at taste, at theory building, all of it. And then, he goes on to say it will make being a mathematician not a profession in the future.
- u75 >> Tu se jaz jaz ne strinjam in zanima me, ali se zgolj oklepam nekega Saj niti nisem dejaven matematik v akademskem smislu, kajne? Moja poklicna pot je precej neodvisna, a vseeno se sprašujem, ali sem pristranski zaradi naklonjenosti do matematikov.>> This is where I I disagree, and I'm I'm curious if I'm simply holding on to a I'm not even a like practicing mathematician in an academic sense, right? Like I I I have a career that's pretty independent, but nevertheless, I wonder if I'm kind of biased by the by the love of mathematicians.
- u76 Zato bi rad tako v tem kot v podobnih pogovorih preveril, ali me kaj zaslepljuje. Lahko razložim, zakaj se ne strinjam, ampak ja, kaj o tem meniš ti? V tej prihodnosti, ko vse, kar zmoreš ti, jaz zmorem boljeAnd so, one of the things I want to do, both in this conversation and others like it, is kind of like see if I if if I'm blinded by something, cuz I'll I can get into why I disagree, but yeah, what what's your take there? In that everything you can do I can do better future
- u77 Človeškost postaja dragocenejšaFinding humanity more precious
- u78 >> To je Okej, prav. Torej da pridem do svojega sklepa, ki je zelo začasen, kot skoraj vse, kar bom povedal o tej široki temi matematike in umetne inteligence. Ampak danes in zadnjih nekaj dni čutim, em, mislim, da nam bo človeškost vse dragocenejša, ko bomo ob intelektualnih zmogljivostih umetne inteligence postajali vse manjši.>> That's Okay, right. So, that I just to come to my punchline, and it's a very tentative punchline, like just about everything I'm going to say on this broad topic of math and AI. But, what I feel today and have felt for the past few days is um is that I think we're going to find humanity more and more precious as we become dwarfed by the capacity of AI in intellectual matters.
- u79 Da so naše slabosti, naša krhkost, naš motiti se je človeško, veš, do teh lastnosti bomo po mojem začeli čutiti naklonjenost. Ko gledam, vzemiva nekaj primerov, glasbo ali šah, nista popolni analogiji, ampak govoriva o teh dveh.That are our foibles, our fragility, our to err is human, you know, those qualities I think we're going to start to feel affection for that. When I watch, let's take a few examples, music or chess, not perfect analogies, but let's just talk about those two.
- u80 Ko gledam vrhunske velemojstre, ki igrajo na ravni svetovnega prvenstva, in jih spremlja še veliko drugih ljubiteljev šaha, jih danes vidiš em igrati, medtem ko hkrati teče šahovski program in kaže, kdo je v danem položaju dejansko boljši. Včasih igralec naredi potezo in ocenjevalna vrstica takoj pade.When I watch the great grandmasters playing at the world championship caliber level and there are many other chess fans watching them you see them nowadays uh as they're playing with a chess engine running simultaneously showing who's actually better in a given position sometimes a player will make a move and instantly the evaluation bar will drop.
- u81 Nekdo je pravkar naredil hudo napako in to je zelo dramatičen trenutek. Pogosto je napetost še večja, ker komentatorji nimajo hkrati zagnanih programov. Zato ne vedo, kaj se je zgodilo, ti v občinstvu pa veš: o moj bog. Potem se sprašuješ, ali bodo opazili komentatorji, ali bodo opazili igralci. Mislim, da je v tem nekaj zelo ljubkega, ker smo smo ljudje.Someone has just blundered and it's a very dramatic moment. Often the drama is heightened by the commentators not running the engines at the same time. So, they don't know what has happened, but you in the audience know, oh my god. So, then it's a question of will the commentators realize, will the players realize I think there's something very sweet about it, because it's we're we're people.
- u82 To se dogaja. Nismo popolni. In in em podobno pomislim na film Shine, ki je morda izpred tvojega časa, ampak Shine je zgodba o pianistu Davidu Helfgottu, em, zelo obetavnem, izjemnem mladem pianistu, ki je, če se prav spomnim, zmagal na nekem mednarodnem tekmovanju.This is what happens. We're not perfect. And and uh likewise, I think of the movie Shine, which may be well before your time, but Shine was a story of a pianist named David Helfgott, um who was a very promising, brilliant young pianist who won some international competition, if I remember right.
- u83 Potem pa je šlo nekaj narobe. Morda, ne spomnim se njegove diagnoze, ampak imel je neko duševno motnjo, ki mu je v bistvu uničila glasbeno kariero in v veliki meri življenje. A nekoč se je vrnil, okreval in po vseh teh letih spet igral, tudi potem ko je zaradi filma zaslovel.And then something went wrong. Like maybe I don't remember what his diagnosis was, but he had some sort of disorder mentally that that essentially ruined his musical career and and to a large extent his life. But at some point he he came back and recovered and played after all these years, even after the movie made him famous.
- u84 Njegovo igranje ni bilo popolno, a bilo je tako polno človeškosti, tako ganljivo, strastno in čudovito, da komu mar? Seveda ni popolno. Če danes poslušam Paula Simona, ki poje pri osemdeset in nekaj letih, Paula Simona imam rad.And his playing was not perfect, but it was so filled with humanity and so touching and and passionate and marvelous that who cares? Of course it's not perfect. If I listen to Paul Simon sing now at 80-something years old, I love Paul Simon.
- u85 Vseeno mi je, da ne zna več peti. Jaz To je moj človek. Hočem ga slišati. Zato začenjam razmišljati, ali nas čaka to, da bomo ti nerodni, razglašeni matematiki, ki so šibki v primerjavi z Saj, mislim, očitno bi stroj lahko popolno odigral vse, kar lahko odigra David Helfgott.I don't care that he can't sing anymore. I That's my guy. I want to hear him. So I'm starting to think is that what's in store for us that we are going to be these blundering, off-key mathematicians who are weak compared to the Right, I mean, obviously a machine could play everything David Helfgott could play perfectly.
- u86 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u87 >> Si tega želimo? Si tega res želimo? Morda, ampak morda si želimo tudi nepopolnosti, čudovite človeškosti. Morda nas torej čaka to, da bomo drugorazredni matematiki, a bomo matematiko še vedno lahko imeli radi. In in em ne vem.>> Do we want that? Do we really want that? Maybe, but we might also want the imperfection, the beautiful humanity. So maybe that's what what's in store for us that we're going to be second-rate mathematicians, but we can still love it. And and uh I don't know.
- u88 Okej, zdaj bom utihnil. Naj slišim tvoje razmišljanje.Okay, so I'm going to be quiet. Let me hear your thinking.
- u89 Kaj ostane tistim, ki želijo biti pionirji?What's left for those who want to be pioneers?
- u90 >> Ne, ne. To mi je zelo všeč No, jaz jaz jaz bom še malo nadaljeval s temle, svoje misli bom prihranil vsaj še za minuto ali dve. [smeh] V Torej>> no, no. I love that Well, I'm I'm I'm going to continue on with this little I'll I'll I'll spare my thoughts for for at least another minute or two. [laughter] In the So
16:58 · Split-screen video of two podcast conversation participants · A two-panel video still shows two men in a recorded conversation, each with a microphone. On the left, an older man in glasses and over-ear headphones wears an olive button-up shirt and touches his fingers to his lips; a virtual background shows a stone clock tower and hills. On the right, a younger man in a gray-blue t-shirt smiles broadly in front of a bookshelf and a door, with a pop filter and microphone in front of him. - u91 >> Okej.>> Okay.
- u92 >> Ena najbolj klasičnih misli, ki jih delimo s študenti, je, da matematika ni šport za gledalce.>> One of the most classic sentiments that we share with students is that math is not a spectator sport.
- u93 >> Da.>> Yes.
- u94 >> Zato to vnaša določeno ironijo v primerjave s šahom ali gojem, kjer ljudje poudarjajo: hej, šah je bil po prelomnici z Deep Blue še kako živ, go pa je po prelomnici z AlphaGo še kako živ. Em, ampak ena od razlik pri matematiki je, da je po mojem veliko ljudi privlačila ideja, da so v prvih vrstah napredka, da so očitno ti ti pionirji.>> And so the the the this sheds a certain irony on the comparisons to chess or the comparisons to go where people will point out, hey, you know, chess was more than alive after the Deep Blue moment and go stays more than alive after the AlphaGo moment. Um, but one of the differentiators with math would be that I think a lot of people found found this charm at the idea of being at the forefront of pushing forward of being clearly these these pioneers.
- u95 Em, in in če bo poudarek na človeškosti, in povsem se strinjam, da je v matematiki človeškost in bi se rad poglobil v to, kje je. Kako je to dejansko videti? Ker mislim, da za zdaj ta pogled, motiti se je človeško in osredotočanje na njeno spotikajočo se naravo, ampak obstaja, veš, s Paulom Simonom imamo ta odnos, zato je vseeno, če ima 80 let, ker, veš, izhajamo iz tega.Um, and and if it is going to be this emphasis on the humanity and I absolutely agree that there is there is humanity to be had in math and I'd love to like dig deep into it to where it is. What What does that actually look like? Because I think as stated so far, the view of to err is to human and focusing on, you know, the the the the stumbling nature of it, but there is, you know, we have this relationship with Paul Simon, so it doesn't matter if he's 80 because the, you know, we're like going from that.
- u96 Kaj lahko poveš nekomu, ki začenja doktorat iz matematike ali o njem razmišlja, o tem, kaj ga čaka v prihodnosti? Em, ker ne more biti tako, da bodo ljudje uživali ob občudovanju tvoje nezmožnosti reševanja problemov, kajne? In zato ni ni ni ni mogočeWhat is it that you can tell to a a budding math PhD or prospective PhD on kind of what what's in store for their future? Uh, cuz it it can't be that like people will delight in marveling at your inability to solve problems, right? And so there there there's there's there's no way
- u97 >> glede tega moj ja, morda bi moral to izostriti, ker se te zamisli še oblikujejo. Em, nimam manifesta zate, ampak obstaja čista matematika, najčistejše vrste, kjer ljudje ne bodo uporabljali umetne inteligence. Tu imam prijatelja, ki poučuje pisanje, Jaya Roberta Lennona.>> about there my yeah, maybe I should sharpen this because this is a work in progress these ideas. Um, I don't have a manifesto for you, but there's pure math where and of the purest type where people will not use AI. I have a friend who's a writing teacher here, Jay Robert Lennon.
- u98 Izjemen romanopisec je. Sovraži umetno inteligenco zaradi tega, kar počne njegovi umetnosti umetnosti, ustvarjalnemu pisanju, veš, leposlovju. In em meni, da nima česa ponuditi, ker gre pri pisanju za to, kar je v tebi, za tvoje življenje, za to, kar prineseš na stran.He's a brilliant novelist. He He hates AI for what it's doing to his art art, which is creative writing, you know, fiction. And, um, he thinks it has nothing to offer because writing is about what's in you, your life, what you bring to the page.
- u99 Zato noče pisati. On ne noče pogledati umetne inteligence. Od te stvari noče prav nobene pomoči in noče, da jo uporabljajo njegovi študenti. Mislim, da bodo obstajali obrtniški matematiki, ki bodo čutili enako in od umetne inteligence ne bodo hoteli ničesar slišati. Preprosto bodo delali sami.So, he doesn't want to write. He does has doesn't want to look at AI. He don't wants no help at all from that thing and doesn't want his students using it. And I think there are going to be artisanal mathematicians who will feel the same way and they don't want to hear from AI. They're just going to work by themselves.
- u100 In s svojimi In poleg tega, veš, tu je cela družbena razsežnost. To, da si midva razlagava stvari, je velik del veselja pri matematiki. In em to ljudi zbližuje, ustvarja prijateljstva, prave povezave. In nočejo, da bi to kar koli okrnilo.And with their And also, you know, there's this whole social dimension. Me and you explaining things to each other, that's a big part of the fun of math. And um it causes people to become close, to have friendships, to really connect. And they don't want anything impairing that.
19:18 · Man in headphones gesturing in a recording studio · A still from a video shows a balding man with glasses and large black headphones, wearing an olive-green button shirt, raising one hand in a gesture while speaking. He sits in a studio beside a black microphone on a white boom arm. Behind him a large screen shows a campus-like view with a clock tower, rooftops and a lake under a blue sky. - u101 Okej. Zdaj pa je tu tudi tvoje vprašanje o mladem matematiku, ki želi biti na raziskovalnem robu, in veliko ljudi si tega želi. In to je res dobra motivacija. Sam se vsekakor spomnim navdušenja ob misli: nekaj bom odkril.Okay. Now, there's also though for your question about the young mathematician who wants to be at the frontier, and there are a lot of people who feel like that. And that's a really good motivation. I mean, I certainly remember being excited with the thought I'm going to make a discovery.
- u102 To je zelo vznemirljiv občutek. In zelo motivirajoč. Zato mislim, da je realistični pogled tak: imaš fantastično novo orodje. Imaš superzmogljivo umetno inteligenco, ki je tvoj C-3PO in upajmo, da ni Hal, veš, izIt's a very exciting feeling. And very motivating. So, I think that then the realistic view is you've got this fantastic new tool. You've got this superpowered artificial intelligence that's your C-3PO, that's hopefully not Hal, you know, in
- u103 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u104 >> 2001: Vesoljska odiseja. Vsekakor upajmo, da ni, veš, Terminator 2. Kar koli je že ta stvar, v tej srečni prihodnosti, o kateri bi rad za trenutek razmišljal, kjer je tvoj pomočnik, ki ti je na voljo, nekako tako kot doslej računalniki.>> 2001 A Space Odyssey. Certainly hopefully not, you know, Terminator 2. Whatever this thing is, in this in this happy future that I like to think about for a minute, where it's your sidekick at your service, sort of like computers have been up till now.
- u105 Kdo ve Možnosti, kaj lahko s to stvarjo narediš, so neomejene. Lahko postavljaš vprašanja, lahko začneš Recimo, hočeš ozdraviti raka? Kar loti se. Veš, morda obstajajo najrazličnejše globoke matematične zamisli, ki lahko pomagajo pri biomedicinskih problemih, novih virih energije, reševanju podnebnega problema, sami varnosti umetne inteligence.Who know The sky's the limit what you could do with that thing. You can ask questions, you can start up Like you want to cure cancer? Go to it. You know, there may be all kinds of profound math that can help with biomedical problems, with new energy sources, with dealing with the climate problem, with AI safety itself.
20:26 · Man with headphones at microphone before campus backdrop · A video still shows a middle-aged man with glasses and large black over-ear headphones, wearing an olive green button-up shirt with a small polo-style logo. He sits at a microphone on a boom arm, mid-speech, in front of a backdrop of a hilltop campus with a clock tower, stone and brick buildings, and a lake with hills beyond. It looks like a podcast or radio-style recording setup. - u106 Mislim, obstajajo cela področja, ki sploh še niso matematizirana, kjer se ljudje niti ne zavedajo, da je v njih matematika, v antropologiji ali ne vem, izmisli si kaj. Če je bila torej v preteklosti ozko grlo matematična moč, to zdaj ni več ozko grlo.I mean, there are whole fields that haven't even been mathematized yet, that people don't even realize there's math in this in anthropology or I don't know, make up something. So, if the the bottleneck in the past was mathematical strength, that's not a bottleneck.
- u107 Zdaj je pomembno samo, kaj zmore tvoja domišljija, kaj zmorejo tvoja ustvarjalnost, okus in želje. Zato se mi zdi, da bi to lahko bila zlata doba uporabne matematike. Mislim, da v najbolj nepredušno zaprti čisti matematiki, če želiš biti tudi alpinist in prvi doseči vrh, to preprosto ne bo več tako lahko.Now it's just what your imagination can do, what your creativity and taste and desires can do. And so, I happen happen to feel it might be like a golden age for applied math. I think for the most hermetically sealed pure math, if you also want to be a mountain climber and reach the top first, that's just not going to be that easy to do anymore.
- u108 A še vedno mislim, da obstaja veliko vrednih matematičnih prizadevanj, em, pri katerih lahko uživaš, si prvi, če ti je to pomembno, in prideš do odkritij, ki resnično pretresejo svet.But, I still think there's a lot of worthwhile mathematical endeavors uh that you can have fun and be the first if you care about that and really make world-shaking discoveries.
- u109 Je bistvo v rešitvi problema?Is solving the problem the point?
- u110 >> Mhm. In mislim, da je v resnici veliko ljudi, ki so na področje prišli s pričakovanjem, da bodo, veš, prvi na vrhu gore, skoraj vsi so dosegli neko zrelost, ko so spoznali, da so najbolj bogati vidiki področja tisti bolj skupnostni in da In in tudi veliko ljudi, s katerimi sem govoril, em, uživa preprosto v vedenju, kajne?>> Mhm. And I think realistically, a lot of maybe people who had gone into the field with that anticipation of being, you know, the first to top the mountain, almost all of them reached some point of maturity on realizing that the most enriching parts of the field are the more communal aspects and that And and also, a lot of people I talked to um delight simply in knowing, right?
- u111 Preprosto Preprosto sledijo tistemu Hilbertovemu izreku: lahko vemo in moramo vedeti. In ne glede na to, ali do tega pridejo prvi ali ne, jih razveseljuje že misel, da bodo videli resnico nečesa, s čimer so se tako dolgo ukvarjali. Em, omenjaš uporabno in čisto matematiko, kar je ena od tem, ki sem se jih hotel dotakniti, ker v številnih mojih pogovorih z matematiki skorajda ni govora o možnosti, da bi bila rešitev problema koristna.They're just They're just like follow that Hilbert phrase on like we can know and we must know. And whether they're the first one to get it there or not, they just delight at the idea of of seeing what that truth is for something that they engaged with so long. Um I mean, you you touch on applied versus pure, which is one of the topics I wanted to hit here because a lot of conversations with mathematicians that I'll have, it's almost as if the the prospect of the solution to a problem being useful is not in the conversation.
- u112 Ljudje razlagajo [smeh]: »Ljudje ne razumejo, da gre pri matematiki za veliko več kot le za dokaz. Gre za vse konstrukcije, ki jih ustvariš med iskanjem dokaza. Em, cilj matematike je napredovanje človeškega razumevanja. Em, to razumevanje izhaja iz procesa. Ne iz rezultatov.« V tem je veliko globoke resnice.People will describe [laughter] like, "Oh, what people don't understand is like math is about much more than just the proof. It's all of the, you know, constructs that you make in the effort of the proof. Uh the the goal of math is to advance human understanding. Um that human understanding comes from the process. It doesn't come from the results." A lot of deep truth in there.
- u113 Ampak ko govorim z nekom zunaj matematike, reče: »Bral sem vse te naslove o em, veš, reševanju velikih problemov. Je to dobro?« In: »Ali zdaj lahko v svetu počnemo boljše stvari? Gotovo, če je bil matematikom ta milenijski problem tako pomemben in je zdaj rešen, ali nam to zdaj kaj prinese?But, then if I talk to someone outside of math, they're like, "I've been reading all these headlines about uh you know, uh grand problems being solved. Is that good?" Is like, "And are are are are we able to do better things in the world now? Like surely, if the mathematicians cared deeply about this Millennium Prize problem and it's solved, does that give us anything now?
- u114 To osvetli vprašanje, zakaj so bili prav ti cilji tisti, h katerim smo stremeli. Ampak uporabna matematika bi lahko bila tu še posebej zanimiva in zanima me tvoje mnenje, ali so rešitve problemov bistvo ali pa moramo biti tudi v uporabnem, ne čistem okolju bolj niansirani glede tega, kaj je matematika, in zgolj rešitev problema, kot je zastavljen, z umetno inteligenco ali kako drugače, ni povsem tisto, kar ljudje iščejo, temveč je tu še neki bolj em človeški vidik, veš, napredovanja človeškega razumevanja.And it shines light on this question of what was the what was the the purpose of those being the the goalposts? But then applied math maybe stands to be particularly interesting here where I'm I'm curious to hear your take on whether the solutions to problems are the point or if even in an applied setting, not a pure setting, we have to be more nuanced about what is math and that simply solving the problem as stated, you know, AI or otherwise, is not quite what people are getting at and there's some more uh human, you know, pushing pushing forward human understanding aspect of it.
- u115 Em, ali je v uporabnem okolju pošteno reči: »Hej, če imaš čaroben stroj za reševanje problemov, je to izključno dobro, to stvari samo potiska v želeno smer, s polnim plinom, pustimo mu izboljševati svet.«Um in an applied setting, is it fair to say, "Hey, if you have a magical problem-solving machine, that's that is strictly good, that just pushes forward things as we want, pedal to the metal, let's let's let it start improving the world."
- u116 >> Tako bogato žilo si tu zadel. To je težko. Em, težko podam urejen odgovor, zato bom poskusil poleteti v veliko različnih smeri in upal, da me boš potegnil nazaj, če bodo postale preveč>> such a rich vein you're tapping into here. This is tough. Um I I find it hard to give an organized response to this, so let me just try flying out in a lot of different directions and I'm going to hope you can pull me back in if they get too
- u117 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u118 >> Ker je tu toliko stvari, o katerih lahko govoriva. In nimam nimam ostre formulacije tega. Veliko sem razmišljal o tem. Em, okej, najprej govoriva o razumevanju v primerjavi z rezultati tako v čisti kot v uporabni matematiki.>> Because there's so many things to talk about here. And I don't have I don't have a sharp formulation of this. I've thought about this a lot. Um Okay, let's first talk about understanding versus results in both pure and applied math.
24:19 · Man in headphones at studio microphone before campus backdrop · A video still shows a middle-aged man with glasses and over-ear headphones, wearing an olive green button-up shirt. He looks down with one hand at his chin, seated at a microphone on a boom arm. Behind him is a backdrop of a hilltop campus with a clock tower, stone and brick buildings, and a lake under a pale sky. - u119 Em, vsi radi razumemo. Dober občutek je. Trenutki aha, trenutki evreka. Okej, torej Pravzaprav me je prijatelj nedavno opozoril, da je Alison Gopnik, ki je po mojem psihologinja, napisala članek z naslovom, ne spomnim se ga, ampak vsebuje besedo orgazem.Um all of us like understanding. Feels good. Aha moments, Eureka moments. Okay, so there's In fact, a friend of mine pointed out to me recently that Alison Gopnik, who I think is a psychologist, wrote an article with a title, can't remember it, but it involves the word orgasm.
- u120 Nekaj kot orgazmično reševanje problemov ali kaj takega. Morda ni reševanje problemov, ampak ali pa orgazem razumevanja, nekaj takega. Da obstaja neki resnično čudovit občutek, ko nekaj razumeš.Something like problem-solving as orgasmic or something like that. That maybe it's not problem solving, but or maybe it's like with the orgasm of understanding, something like that. That there's some kind of truly delightful feeling when you understand something.
- u121 Prav med najboljšimi občutki, kar jih lahko doživiš. Zato imamo radi razumevanje. Radi ga imamo tudi v čisti in uporabni matematiki zaradi njegove ustvarjalne narave. Ko nekaj dobro razumeš ali imaš uvid, te to vodi k novim vprašanjem, novim idejam, opažanju povezav.Like right up there with the best feelings you can have. So, we like understanding for that reason. We also like understanding in both pure and applied math for its generative nature. When you understand something well or have insight it leads you to new questions, to new ideas, to see connections.
- u122 In ustvarja je plodno. Kajne? Ustvarja več dejavnosti, več vrvenja v tvoji glavi, v glavi skupnosti, pri prijateljih. Torej torej okej. Razumevanje je prijetno. V tem ustvarjalnem smislu je produktivno.And it produces it's fruitful. Right? It creates more activity, more buzz in your own head, in the community's head, in your friends. So, So, okay. So, understanding is pleasurable. It's productive in this generative sense.
- u123 In je boljše na poti do moči. Mhm. Razumevanje Em, to sva pred kratkim s kolegom in em soavtorjem Alexom Townsendom, napisala sva prispevek za New York Times pred nekaj tedni, no, zdaj, kakor koli.And it's better in a route to power. Mhm. Understanding Uh this is what I recently with my colleague and uh co-author Alex Townsend, we wrote a New York Times piece just a few weeks, well, now, whatever.
- u124 Bilo je konec septembra. Em, v članku sva pojasnjevala, da ja, veš, za ljudi, ki jih zmedejo čisti matematiki, ko pravijo: »Buhu, prizadevamo si za razumevanje, ne rezultate. Stroji nam jemljejo rezultate.So, it was in late September. Um we had an article explaining that yeah, you know, for the people who are confused by the pure mathematician saying, "Boohoo, understanding is what we're after, not results. The machines are taking away the results.
- u125 To nikoli ni bil pravi namen, po Thurstonu. Namen je bilo človeško razumevanje. Vi pa uni- uničujete, kot da, veš, uničujete pokrajino. Em, razstreljujete svetilnike. Jedrsko bombardirate Okej, bilo je veliko takšnih izrazov. Zelo uničujočih izrazov.That was never the real purpose, ala Thurston. The purpose was human understanding. And you're wreck you're ruining it's like, you know, you're destroying the landscape. Um you're blowing up the lighthouses. You're nuking Okay, there's been all this kind of language. Very devastating language.
- u126 In javnost je upravičeno zmedena. Mislil sem, da hočete rešene probleme. Pravzaprav ne.And the public is rightly confused. Like, I thought you wanted your problems solved. Actually, no.
- u127 >> [odkašljevanje]>> [clears throat]
- u128 >> Obstaja pleme V čisti matematiki obstaja pleme, ki pobožanstvuje razumevanje. Kot pravijo, v tem je resnično bistvo našega področja, po Thurstonu. Mislim, jaz sem v Thurstonovi pisarni. Imam>> There is a tribe There is a tribe within pure math that that deifies understanding. As they they say, this is what our subject is really about, following Thurston. I mean, I'm in Thurston's office. I have the
- u129 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u130 >> Prepričan sem, da vsak dan vdihavam Thurstonove molekule. Torej em in obožujem njegov esej o dokazu in napredku v matematiki. Vsekakor obstaja subkultura, morda prevladujoča kultura v matematiki, ki vidi razumevanje. Govorim o čisti matematiki. Razumevanje je alfa in omega.>> I'm breathing molecules of Thurston, I'm sure, every day. So, uh and I love his essay on proof and progress in mathematics. So, absolutely, there's a subculture and maybe the predominant culture in math that sees understanding. I'm talking about pure math. Understanding is the be-all and end-all.
- u131 In kolikor nas reševanje problemov vodi k večjemu razumevanju, so problemi vredno početje. Obstaja pa še druga kultura, nekakšna Erdőseva kultura. Em, obstajajo Erdősevi učenci in nekdanji sodelavci, ljudje, kot je Joel Spencer.And that to the extent that problem-solving leads us to greater understanding, problems are worthy activities. Now, there is another culture, like an Erdős culture. Um and there are disciples and and former collaborators of Erdős, people like Joel Spencer.
- u132 Ravno pred dnevi sem dobil njegovo e-pošto, v kateri pravi, in mislim, da bi sem sodil tudi Jacob Zimmerman. Veliko je odličnih matematikov. Še vedno se osredotočiva na čiste matematike. Ki menijo, da imaš vse obrnjeno. Razumevanje je koristno toliko, kolikor nam pomaga reševati probleme.I just got an email from him the other day saying, and I think Jacob Zimmerman would be another one. There's a lot of great mathematicians. Let's just still focus on pure mathematicians. Who think that you got it backwards. It's it's that understanding is helpful insofar as it lets us solve problems.
- u133 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u134 >> In da so problemi enote matematike.>> And that problems are the units of math.
- u135 Dve kulturi matematike ter čista in uporabna matematikaTwo cultures of mathematics, and pure vs. applied
- u136 >> Če kdo še ni prebral, ima Tim Gowers odlično objavo ali ali ali esej o dveh kulturah matematike.>> If people haven't read it, Tim Gowers has an excellent post or or or essay on the two cultures of mathematics.
28:01 · Split-screen video call of two podcast participants · A split-screen still shows two men, each with a microphone, apparently recording a podcast or interview remotely. On the left, a balding man in glasses, headphones and an olive shirt rests a finger on his chin, with a blurred campus-style clock tower and lake behind him. On the right, a short-haired man in a gray-blue shirt and a wireless earbud smiles slightly in front of a bookshelf and a white door. - u137 >> Ja, dve kulturi.>> Yeah, the two cultures.
- u138 >> Ja.>> Yeah.
- u139 >> Reševalci problemov in graditelji teorij, kot jih poimenuje. Em, Freeman Dyson ima čudovit esej o pticah in žabah, ki je temu razlikovanju prav tako blizu, a ni povsem isto. Kakor koli, resnica je, da večina matematikov, čistih ali uporabnih, priznava, da so pomembni tako rezultati kot razumevanje.>> The problem solvers, the theory builders is the way he phrases it. Um Freeman Dyson has his wonderful essay on birds and frogs, which is also close, but not quite the same thing to this distinction. But anyway, the truth is, most mathematicians, either pure or applied, recognize that results and understanding are both important.
- u140 Nekaterim je bolj mar za reševanje problemov, drugim za razumevanje. Oboje je res pomembno in zabavno. Ampak javnost potem pomisli: »Ja, ampak kaj potem?« In tu nastopi uporabna matematika.And some people care more about the problem-solving, and some care more about the understanding. They're both at really important and fun. But then the public thinks, "Yeah, but so what?" And and so that's where applied math comes in.
- u141 Pa tudi čista matematika, ker vsa matematika nekoč postane uporabna. Mislim, to je preprosto empirično dejstvo. Res ni nobenega dela Tudi zato pravim, da grem v deset različnih smeri hkrati. To razlikovanje med čisto in uporabno matematiko kot dvema vrstama je takšna zgodovinska anomalija.and also pure math because all math becomes applied at some point. I mean, that's just an empirical fact. There really isn't any part of Also, this is why I say I'm going off in 10 different directions at once. This is such a historical anomaly, this species distinction between pure and applied math.
- u142 Ne pozabimo, največji matematiki vseh časov so do zadnjih 100 let vedno počeli oboje.Don't forget, the greatest mathematicians of all time until the past 100 years always did both.
- u143 >> Ja, čisti matematik je zelo nedavna nedavna>> Yeah, pure mathematician is a very recent recent
- u144 Kako je Maxwellova matematika razkrila naravo svetlobeHow Maxwell's math revealed the nature of light
- u145 iznajdba.invention.
- u146 >> Čisti matematik je Bi Gauss rekel, da je čisti matematik? Sledil je Ceres. Ukvarjal se je, veš, s tem asteroidom. Kartiral je Zemljo, dobesedno je izdeloval zemljevide, ko je izumljal diferencialno geometrijo. Riemanna sta zelo zanimala elektrika in magnetizem in, veš, jaz Hilbert, celo Hilbert je razmišljal o splošni relativnosti.>> pure mathematician is a Like would Gauss have said he was a pure mathematician? He was tracking series. He did you know, this asteroid. He was mapping the Earth, literally doing mapping when he was inventing differential geometry. Riemann was very interested in electricity and magnetism and you know, I Hilbert, even Hilbert was thinking about general relativity.
29:14 · Split-screen video interview between two men with microphones · A still from a two-person video call, split into left and right halves. On the left, an older man with glasses and over-ear headphones sits at a microphone in front of a backdrop of a clock tower and hillside view. On the right, a younger smiling man with an earbud sits behind a pop-filtered microphone in front of bookshelves and a door. - u147 Torej em in seveda Euler, veš, ali Newton, ti ljudje so bili poleg matematikov tudi povsem vrhunski fiziki. Tudi Kepler. Torej Galileo, mislim, Galileo morda ni bil tako odličen v matematiki. Bil je kar dober.So, um and obviously Euler, you know, or Newton, these people are absolutely top physicists as well as mathematicians. Kepler, too. So, Galileo, I mean, Galileo maybe not so great with math. He was pretty good.
- u148 Ampak kakor koli, ljudje svetovnega kova in tega niso ločevali. To je zelo nenavaden pojav 20. stoletja. Em, okej, to je bil morda odklon. Naj se vrnem s te stranske poti k bistvu, k vprašanju razumevanja in zakaj je razumevanje pomembno.But anyway, world-caliber people, and they didn't make this distinction. This is a very peculiar 20th century phenomenon. Uh okay, that maybe was a tangent. Let me come back off that tangential direction and back to the core, which is on this question of understanding and why does understanding matter?
30:02 · Man in headphones speaking at studio microphone · A still from a video shows a middle-aged man with glasses and over-ear headphones, wearing an olive-green button-up shirt. He looks downward, speaks, and holds one fist near his chest, in front of a boom-arm microphone. Behind him is a backdrop image of a hilltop campus with a clock tower, spired buildings and a long lake under a pale blue sky. - u149 Prijetno, da. Ustvarjalno, da. In pot do moči. Torej samo če tega argumenta še ne poznate. Če razumeš, denimo, vektorski račun ali kvaternione na ravni Jamesa Clerka Maxwella v 19. stoletju, lahko odkritja Michaela Faradaya in Ampera ter tudi Gaussa o elektriki in magnetizmu prepišeš v štiri enačbe.A pleasurable, yes. Generative, yes. And a route to power. That's so I that just in case that argument is not familiar. If you understand, let's say, vector calculus or quaternions at the level that James Clerk Maxwell did in the 1800s, you can then rewrite what Michael Faraday and Ampere discovered and Gauss, too, about electricity and magnetism into four equations.
- u150 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u151 >> Potem pa lahko te enačbe preoblikuješ z logiko in svojimi možgani, kot je Maxwell počel približno v času ameriške državljanske vojne. In em napoveš nekaj, česar ni videl še nihče. Da obstaja neviden val energije, ki se širi s svetlobno hitrostjo in mu danes pravimo elektromagnetni val.>> And then you can manipulate those equations using logic and using your brain as Maxwell did around the time of the Civil War in the US. And um you make a prediction of something that no one has ever seen. That there's an invisible wave of energy propagating at the speed of light that we now call an electromagnetic wave.
- u152 Ta potem, veš, čez nekaj let postane osnova za televizijo, radio, mobilne telefone in vse mogoče brezžične komunikacije. To pa je bilo mogoče le zato, ker je znal ker je prepoznal valovno enačbo, parcialno diferencialno enačbo, ko jo je izpeljal z uporabo identitet vektorskega računa na štirih zakonih elektrike in magnetizma.That you know, give it a few years becomes the basis for television and radio and cell phones and all kinds of wireless communication. And that was only possible because he knew how to do he he recognized the wave equation, a partial differential equation when he derived it from doing vector calculus identities on the four laws of electricity and magnetism.
- u153 Hočem torej reči, da je Maxwell zaradi razumevanja, ki ga je pridobil z matematiko in ki ga Michael Faraday ni imel, ker je razmišljal drugače, postal prvi človek na planetu, ki je razumel naravo svetlobe.So, my point is that the understanding that Maxwell had through math and that Michael Faraday did not have because he was a different kind of mind led Maxwell to be the first person on the planet to understand what is the nature of light.
31:32 · Man in headphones gesturing in a recording studio · A still from a video shows a middle-aged man with glasses and large black over-ear headphones, wearing an olive-green button-up shirt. He looks off to the left and gestures with both hands. He sits beside studio microphones on boom arms. Behind him, a large screen shows a hillside campus with a clock tower, stone buildings and a lake under a blue sky. - u154 Da je svetloba elektromagnetni val. Pred Maxwellom nihče ni vedel, kaj je svetloba. Ne zares. In tako je v tem slepečem preblisku uvida em ugotovil nekaj, kar je pozneje spremenilo svet. Takšnih zgodb bi lahko navedli ogromno, naj gre za Schrödingerjevo valovno enačbo ali Diracovo napoved antimaterije ali kaj drugega.That light is an electromagnetic wave. Nobody knew what light was before Maxwell. Not really. And so in that blinding flash of insight um he figured out something that turned out to change the world. And we could give so many stories like that whether it's Schrödinger's wave equation or Dirac's prediction of antimatter or whatever.
- u155 Mislim, temu ni konca. Mislim, ampak vse te stvari so postale tehnologija. Kajne? Iz razumevanja splošne in posebne relativnosti lahko izračunaš popravke, ki jih moraš vnesti v atomske ure, da naprave GPS delujejo tako natančno, kot delujejo.I mean, just it's endless. The the I mean, but all these things have turned into technology. Right? So, from from understanding general and special relativity, you can figure out the corrections you need to make in the atomic clocks to make the GPS devices work as accurately as they do.
- u156 Če ne bi razumel relativnosti, bi GPS ne deloval.If you didn't understand relativity you'd GPS wouldn't work.
- u157 >> Ustrezno vprašanje je potem, kaj če entiteta, ki pride do teh uvidov, ni nujno človek. Veš, rešitev je najdena in ni človeška. Em, bodisi rečeš: »Hej, korist je izgubljena, ker ni šlo za to, da bi mladi Maxwell po naključju rešil neko poljubno diferencialno enačbo drugega reda.>> And so a pertinent question then becomes if the entity that is coming to those bits of understanding is not necessarily human. You know, that the solution is found and it's not human. Um, either you say, "Hey, the the um, the benefit is lost because it wasn't a matter of young Maxwell happening to solve a given random second order differential equation.
- u158 Pomemben je bil njegov intuitivni občutek za valovne enačbe, ki se je znova prebudil, ko se je ukvarjal z določenim fizikalnim kontekstom. In če bi torej rešitev preprosto dobil od nikoder, nam ne bi dala tiste vrednosti, ki je dejansko vplivala na svet, torej razumevanja v Maxwellovih človeških možganih.It was the intuitions about what waves equations feel like that he then had light up again when he was engaging with um, a certain physics context that that actually mattered. And therefore, had he just been handed the solution out of the blue, it wouldn't have have given us the value that was actually uh, influential to the world, which was Maxwell's as a human brain's understanding.
- u159 Drug pogled pa bi lahko bil: zakaj iste entitete, ki najdejo, veš, rešitev naslednjega milenijskega problema, četudi so silicijeve, em, ne bi mogle povzročiti tega nadaljnjega učinka? Na to lahko gledaš zelo pozitivno in rečeš: »Neverjetno. Čudovito.« Bi torej samo sedeli in čakali, da se običajno večdesetletni zamik med odkritjem v čisti matematiki in odkritjem uporabe skrajša?I think the other take could be like, well, why can't the same entities that are coming up with, you know, solution to the next Millennium Prize problem, silicon though they might be, um, have that downstream effect? Which you can have a very positive take on and say like, "Amazing. Wonderful." Like, well, would we just sit back and wait for the usually decades-long delay between uh, pure math discovery and application discovered um, to be to be compressed.
- u160 Em, ja, ampak med tema možnostma razmišljam, da potrebuješ ali da je koristno imeti ljubeč človeški um, ki je to sprejel, da to predela v uporabo.Um, yeah, but between that dichotomy I'm thinking you you you need or it is beneficial for there to be a a loving human mind who has embraced with it in order to digest it into application.
- u161 >> Ampak ali>> But is
- u162 Je razumevanje precenjeno?Is understanding overrated?
- u163 to drži? Je to, kar si pravkar rekel, zgolj romantična misel? Mislim, lepo zveni, ampak ja, ampak lahko Mislim, všeč mi je, da vidiš vse iste Mislim, slediš istemu miselnemu diagramu. No, ne istemu. Imaš svojo različico. Ampak običajno ljudje v takih pogovorih ne gledajo toliko potez vnaprej.it true? Is it just a romantic thing that you just said? Like, I mean, it sounds nice, but yeah, but I can I mean, I love that you're seeing all the same I mean, you're following the same flowchart of thinking. Well, not the same. I mean, you have your own version of it. But normally when I have this conversation with people, they're not seeing as far as many moves ahead.
- u164 Ker se ves čas sprašujem pri tem argumentu, veš, recimo Seveda. Em, če imam to entiteto, ki lahko reši problem, recimo, da mi lahko da odgovore. Kdo pravi, da mi ne more ob tem dati še vsega razumevanja, vseh stranskih izpeljav in vseh uporab?Cuz I keep wondering like in this argument, you know, say Sure. Um, if I have this entity which can solve the problem, let's say it can give me answers. Who says it can't also give me all the understanding along the way and all the spin-offs and all the applications.
- u165 Z drugimi besedami, mislim, da ljudi zmede argument, ki ga je lahko podati, da je človeško razumevanje vodilo do moči in napredka, nato pa jih zmede obrnjena trditev, ko pomislijo: »Ali to pomeni, da če tega ne bi naredili ljudje, ampak umetne inteligence, ne bi imeli enakega napredka?« Ne, to iz tega nikakor ne sledi.In other words, I think people get confused about the argument that is easy to make, that human understanding has led to power and progress, and they get confused by the converse, which is that they think, "Does that mean if humans didn't do it, like if the AIs did it, we wouldn't have the same amount of progress?" No, that doesn't follow at all.
- u166 Pravzaprav mislim, da če bi nam umetne inteligence lahko dale odgovor, bi bile tako zmogljive, da bi nam dale tudi vse stranske izpeljave in vse drugo. Zato mislim, da argument za pomembnost človeškega razumevanja ni ta, da lahko samo ljudje vidijo vse povezave in stranske izpeljave.In fact, I think if the AIs could get us the answer, they would be so strong they could also get us all the side spin-offs and everything else, too. So, I don't think the argument for why human understanding is important is that it's because only humans can see all the connections and the spin-offs.
- u167 Preprosto ne verjamem, da to drži. Mislim, da bo umetna inteligenca zmogla vse to. Zato sem res zelo zmeden. Naj povem naravnost, če je bilo zadnjemu stavku ali odstavku pretežko slediti. Em, pravo vprašanje je tole in res bi rad vedel, kaj meniš o njem.I just don't believe that's true. I think the AI will be able to do all of it. So, I really am very confused. Here, let me put it starkly, if that's the last sentence or paragraph was too hard to follow. Um here's the real question, and I would love to know what you think about this.
- u168 Je Je razumevanje precenjeno? Mislim mislim, da je to morda resnična zmeda, ki ljudi Naj predstavim ta argument, pa ne vem, ali mu verjamem, ampak zgolj zato, ker imaš rad razprave, razpravljajva.Is Is understanding overrated? I think I think that this might be a real confusion that people Let me make this argument, and I don't know that I believe it, but just for the sake of since you like having discussions, let's have the discussion.
- u169 >> Lahko bi rekel, da človeška civilizacija dolgo ni imela veliko razumevanja, ne vem, koliko smo stari kot vrsta? 100.000 let? Ne vem številke. Moral bi poznati antropologijo. [smeh]>> You could say that human civilization didn't have much understanding for I don't know, how old are we as a species? 100,000? I don't know the number. I should know my anthropology. [laughter]
- u170 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u171 >> Vem recimo, da smo pred 12.000 leti udomačili pse, ker imam rad pse. Zato si to številko zapomnim.>> Like, I know that 12,000 years ago we domesticated dogs, cuz I love dogs. So, I remember that number.
- u172 >> Mislim, da je nekje med 200 in 300.000 leti. Nisem strokovnjak za to, kaj ljudje opredeljujejo kot našo sedanjo vrsto.>> I think there's sort of a 200 to 300,000 years. I I'm not an expert here of of what people would carve out as our current species.
- u173 >> Homo sapiens smo že 200.000 let?>> We've been Homo sapiens for 200,000?
- u174 >> Nobeden od naju ni strokovnjak. Upajmo, da je razumevanje precenjeno in da ta konkretna številka ni pomembna za najin argument.>> Neither one of us is an expert. Hopefully, understanding is overrated, and this specific number doesn't matter for the argument we're making.
- u175 >> ta številka. To ni bistvo.>> this number. That's not the point.
- u176 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u177 >> Bistvo je, da dolgo nismo veliko razumeli. Zanašali smo se na nagon, na izkušnje, ampak stvari niso zares imele smisla tako, kot so ga začele imeti, in zdaj spet neka poljubna številka. Vsekakor od razsvetljenstva 6 8 Če želiš začeti z Isaacom Newtonom, smo imeli drugačno raven razumevanja kot pred Newtonom.>> The The is for a long time we didn't understand much. We were relying on instinct, we were relying on experience, but things didn't really make sense in the way that they started to and now again, some arbitrary number. Certainly since the Enlightenment 6 8 If you want to put it with Isaac Newton we had a different level of understanding than we had before Newton.
- u178 Res smo matematizirali, mi kot vrsta. Vzemi Keplerja. Kepler je videl eliptične tirnice, zakon kvadratov in kubov pri planetih, Keplerjev tretji zakon. To so številčni vzorci. Ni jih znal razložiti. Preprosto jih je videl v podatkih.We really mathematized we as a species. Like take Kepler. I mean Kepler could see the elliptical orbits, the square and cube law about the planets, Kepler's third law. These are numerical patterns. He couldn't explain them. He just saw them in the data.
- u179 In to je bilo odlično. Matematika je pokazala vzorec. Ampak zakaj? Okej, ni jih razumel. Nato pa nekaj generacij [odkašljevanje] pozneje Newton lahko razloži ne le vsega, kar je videl Kepler, ampak tudi vse, kar je videl Galileo, z globljim načelom, nizom načel iz svojih zakonov in splošne gravitacije.And that was great. The math showed the pattern. But why? Okay, he couldn't understand them. And then the next, you know, a few generations [clears throat] later Newton can explain that not only what Kepler saw, but all of what Galileo saw, too, from a deeper principle, set of principles from his his laws and universal gravitation.
- u180 In to je zmagoslavje. Em, poleg tega ima infinitezimalni račun v bolj sistematični, zmogljivi obliki kot drugi. Zato lahko z logiko in nekaj načeli izpelje najrazličnejše stvari. To je torej zelo močan napredek v človeškem razumevanju.And so that is like a triumph. Uh plus he has calculus in a in a more systematic powerful form than those other people have. And so he can derive all kinds of stuff with logic and a few principles. So that is a very powerful advance in human understanding.
- u181 In ta Newtonov okvir, poišči diferencialne enačbe in jih reši, nam bolj ali manj prinese 400 let napredka vse do Schrödingerjeve enačbe. Res. Mislim, Navier-Stokesova enačba, Maxwellova enačba.And that Newtonian framework of find the differential equations and solve them, more or less, gives us 400 years of progress all the way through the Schrödinger equation. Really. I mean the Navier-Stokes equation, Maxwell's equation.
- u182 >> Zveni kot argument, da je razumevanje podcenjeno.>> like a case for understanding being under valued.
- u183 >> bilo je izjemnega pomena. Je Bilo je izjemnega pomena 400 let.>> been of utmost importance. It's It has been of utmost importance for 400 years.
- u184 >> Okej.>> Okay.
- u185 >> Zdaj pa bom začasno zagovarjal tezo, da je obstajalo veliko vmesno obdobje razumevanja. Preden se je začelo, ga nismo imeli veliko. Nekaj smo ga seveda imeli. Imeli smo Arhimeda. Imeli smo, veš, človeka, čigar ime prevajamo kot Alhazen ibn al-Haytham, velikega islamskega učenjaka.>> And I'm going to argue temporarily that there has been a great interlude of understanding. Before this interlude began, we didn't have much. Obviously, we had some. We had Archimedes. We had, you know, the guy who is whose name is translated as Alhazen ibn al-Haytham, great Islamic scholar.
- u186 Okej. Mislim, vsekakor so obstajali ljudjeOkay. I mean, there were people for sure
- u187 >> Narediva nekaj širokih posplošitev in preprosto reciva, da je po razsvetljenstvu obstajalo>> Let's make some sweeping generalizations and just say like post-enlightenment, there was a
- u188 >> No, ni nujno povezano z razsvetljenstvom, kajne? Morda Egipčani s piramidami. Imeli smo nekaj tisoč let. Reciva tako. Imeli smo nekaj tisoč let, ko smo res nekako gradili razumevanje. Ampak mislim, da se okno morda zapira. Da se to vmesno obdobje končuje, ker mislim, da bodo umetne inteligence tako napredovale, da kljub temu, da bodo dobre učiteljice, ne bodo dovolj dobre, ker smo omejeni, dokler ne spremenimo svoje biologije.>> Well, it don't have to do with the enlightenment, right? I mean, maybe the Egyptians with the pyramids. We had a few thousand years. Let's say that way. We had a few thousand years of really kind of building up our understanding. But, I think the window might be closing. That's that the interlude is coming to an end because I think the AIs are going to get so advanced that even though they're going to be good teachers, they're not going to be good enough because we're limited until we change our biology.
- u189 Potem pa nismo več zares ljudje. Mislim, če bomo ostali ljudje, kakršni smo, s kilohertzno taktno frekvenco nevronov in s številom, kolikor že, 100 bilijonov sinaps. Mislim, kolikor koli že, imamo omejitve.Then, we're not really human. I mean, if we're going to stay the humans that we are with our kilohertz clock speed of our neurons, with the number of whatever it is, 100 trillion synapses. I mean, whatever it is, we have limits.
- u190 In razumemo lahko do določene ravni. Potem pa je to to. Preprosto ne bomo Recimo, že vemo, da si ne moreš predstavljati devete prostorske dimenzije. Zmoremo le določene stvari. Ne moremo si predstavljati 50 premikajočih se predmetov, ki se, veš, hkrati vrtijo naokrog.And we can understand up to a certain level. And that will be it. We're just not going to be Like, we already know you can't picture the ninth dimension in space. There's only certain things that we can do. We can't picture 50 moving objects moving, you know, spinning around simultaneously.
- u191 Psihologi so to preučevali. Zato bo kmalu prišlo do tega, da ne bomo razumeli najrazličnejših stvari, ki nam jih bodo povedale umetne inteligence. In zato imam občutek, da bo zgodba takšna: imeli smo to čudovito, veličastno vmesno obdobje, ko so se prižgale luči, nato pa bodo ugasnile.Psychologists have studied. So, it's going to come soon that we won't understand all kinds of things that the AIs will tell us. And so, I I feel like that's going to be the story that we have this wonderful, glorious interlude when the lights went on and then the lights are going to go off.
- u192 In pravzaprav imamo nekako srečo, da živimo v času, ko je razumevanje še smiselno, napredek pa se bo nadaljeval. Imeli bomo najrazličnejše fantastične rezultate, napove- Mislim, če bomo to preživeli.And we're actually sort of lucky that we're living in a time when understanding is still meaningful, but progress will continue. We're going to have all kinds of fantastic results predict I mean, assuming we can survive this.
- u193 >> Mhm. Mhm. Ločeno vprašanje. Ampak če lahko preživimo superzmogljivo umetno inteligenco in vse druge stvari, ki prihajajo na planet, em, bomo imeli imeli bi neverjeten napredek.>> Mhm. Mhm. Separate question. But if we can survive super-powerful AI and all the other things coming to the planet, um we're going to have an we'd have incredible progress.
- u194 >> Ko to praviš oziroma morda igraš hudičevega odvetnika s trditvijo, da je razumevanje precenjeno, misliš glede napredovanja blaginje človeštva ali spodbujanja, veš, občutka em zmožnosti oblikovanja sveta okoli nas ali kakor koli že meriš napredek, praviš, da se hitro približujemo točki, ko človeško razumevanje kot pomembna sestavina tega, kar določa tak napredek, izgublja pomen.>> When you when you say that or making the potentially devil's advocate case on understanding is overrated, you mean in so far as progressing the the welfare of humanity or or pushing forward, you know, a sense of um ability in constructing the world around us or however you want to measure progress, you're saying uh we we're we're fast coming to the point where human understanding as a meaningful component of what determines that kind of progress is of waning significance.
- u195 >> Čudovit povzetek. Da. Da je v tem smislu precenjeno. Da razu- Razumevanje se nam zdi odlično, ker nam je tako pomagalo. Pa tudi zato, ker je prijetno. Ampak ne bo več tako koristno. Ne, še vedno bo prijetno. Okej.>> Absolutely beautiful summary. Yes. That it's overrated in that sense. That under We think understanding is great cuz it's been so helpful to us. Also because it's pleasurable. But it's going to stop being that helpful. No, it will still be pleasurable. Okay.
- u196 Mislim, tako kot ljudje radi rešujejo križanke ali počnejo druge stvari, pri katerih razmišljajo. Em, torej obstaja ta pogled. Da bo matematika vedno tu, tako kot igranje violončela ali, veš, mislim, petje. Te stvari so že same po sebi zabavne.I mean, just like people like to do crossword puzzles or other things that involve thinking. Um the So that's So there's that view of it. That math will always be here just like playing the cello or, you know, I mean, singing. These things are just inherently fun.
- u197 In in pravzaprav sem se nekako zdrznil, čeprav ne vem, ali se je videlo, ko si govoril o blaginji ali napredku, veš, ker je pojmovanje napredka, o katerem tu govoriva, tako ozko, recimo izdelovanje novih naprav, celo zdravljenje bolezni.And And actually, I sort of flinched, although I don't know if I visibly flinched, when you spoke about welfare or progress, you know, because it's such a narrow construction of progress that we're talking about here like building more gadgets, even curing diseases.
- u198 Uh, prav. Takšni dosežki so določena vrsta napredka. Kaj pa duhovni napredek ali sreča ali prijaznost ali, saj veš, zelo mehke stvari, ki so v življenju vseeno zelo pomembne. Hm, mogoče najpomembnejše: ljubezen, biti ljubljen, te stvari.Uh fine. Those kind of advances are a certain type of progress. But what about like spiritual progress or happiness or kindness or, you know, very soft things that are still very important in life. Um maybe the most important, love, being loved, those things.
- u199 Uh, to bo ostalo za vedno, upamo. InUh that is going to persist forever, we hope. And
- u200 >> In to>> And that
- u201 >> Jaz jaz se v teh pogovorih res vedno zalotim, da si na koncu želim govoriti o smislu življenja. Res mislim, da se to skriva v ozadju. Vem, da naj bi se pogovarjala o matematiki, ampak nekako mislim, da se morava pogovarjati o tem: kaj počnemo? Mislim, zakaj smo tukaj, če sploh zaradi česa, in kaj hočemo od življenja?>> I I really find myself in these conversations, I always end up wanting to talk about the meaning of life. I really think that's what's lurking here. I know we're supposed to talk about math with each other, but I I kind of think that's what we have to talk about is what are we doing? I mean, what are we here for, if anything, and what do we want out of our life?
- u202 Res mislim, da gre za to in da se moramo navsezadnje pogovarjati o tem.I do think that's what's at stake, and that's ultimately what we have to talk about.
- u203 >> Zelo zanimivo, da prideš do tega. Mislim, da je tema matematike in UI tako pomembna tudi zunaj matematičnih krogov zato, ker ljudje govorijo o nazobčani meji zmogljivosti UI. Pri nekaterih stvareh postaja dobra hitreje kot pri drugih, in če je matematika prav na začetku ene od teh konic, je lahko programiranje še ena takšna.>> It's so interesting you land there. I mean, I think the reason that the math and AI topic is so relevant even outside of the math circles is that people talk about a spiky frontier to AI. There's certain things it gets good at faster than others, and insofar as math exists right at the beginning of one of those spikes, coding as well might be another one of them.
- u204 Lahko postane mikrokozmos širšega sveta in matematiki so še posebej zanimivi, ker je to, kar počnejo, tudi uporabno. Saj veš, omenil omenil omenil si tri različne stvari, ki jih, uh, dobimo iz razumevanja.It stands to be a microcosm of a broader world on and mathematicians are especially interesting because the thing that they are doing is both useful. You know, you you you mentioned three different things that are uh that are what we get out of understanding.
- u205 Imaš orgazmično plat, v smislu, da je preprosto prijetno. Imaš, hm, pot do moči. Hm, potem pa imaš še ustvarjalni vidik, da ti prinaša nove stvari. In če če prav razumem argument, se zdi, da praviš, da na ustvarjalni strani človeško razumevanje ne bo tako pomembno.You have the the orgasmic side of like it's just nice. You have um a route to power. Um and then you also uh have the generative aspect of it on like it brings you things. And if I'm if I'm hearing the argument correctly, it sounds like what you're saying is on the generative side, that human understanding won't be as important.
- u206 Kar zadeva pot do moči,On the route to power side,
- u207 >> Mislim, mogoče lahko prideva do tega. To je odvisno>> I mean, maybe we can get to that. That depends
- u208 Fermat proti Goldbachu: matematika, ki ustvarja novo matematikoFermat vs. Goldbach: math that generates more math
- u209 od tega, pri čem je človeška moč dobra.on what human power is good at.
- u210 >> razlika med ustvarjalnostjo in močjo. Torej, obstaja moč v zunanjem svetu, obstaja pa tudi ustvarjanje v notranjem svetu. Torej ustvarjanje novih idej. Lahko govoriš o, zame čista matematika pomeni orgazem in ustvarjalno matematiko, ki nenehno ustvarja novo matematiko.>> the distinction about generative versus power. So, there's power in the outside world, but there's also generative in the inside world. So, generative of more ideas. Like you can speak about for to me, pure math is about the orgasm and the generative math that keeps recreating new math.
- u211 Matematiko, ki nenehno zastavlja nove, recimo, vzemiva prizadevanje za rešitev Fermatovega velikega izreka. Torej dokaz Fermatove domneve. Čisti matematiki imajo to zgodbo radi. Upravičeno. Ker na poti do rešitve tega problema izumijo zamisli, kot so ideali v, saj veš, algebri, odkrijejo številska polja in primere, kjer razcep na prafaktorje ni enoličen.Math that keeps posing new like say let's take the the quest to solve Fermat's Last Theorem. Right the proof of Fermat conjecture. So pure mathematicians love that story. Rightly. Because you know along the way to try to solve this problem they invent ideas like ideals in you know in algebra they discover number fields and examples where they don't have prime factorization being unique.
- u212 In okoli tega vprašanja se porodi ves veličasten zamišljeni svet, ki je lep že sam po sebi in pravzaprav verjetno lepši in pomembnejši od Fermatovega velikega izreka.And like there's a whole glorious imagined world that turns out to spring up around this question that is beautiful in its own right and actually arguably more beautiful and more important than Fermat's Last Theorem.
- u213 Mislim, da bi večina resnih matematikov rekla, da v resnici ne gre za ta izrek ali to domnevo ali karkoli že. To je bil naš svetilnik, kajne? Mislim, če uporabim sodobno, trenutno metaforo, ki je očitno v obtoku. Ta sveti, mi pa ustvarjamo najrazličnejše druge ideje, da bi to rešili, in te ideje zaživijo svoje življenje.I think most serious mathematicians would say that's not really that theorem or that conjecture whatever. That was our lighthouse, right? I mean in the modern to use the current uh metaphor that seems to be going around. That that shines the light and then we create all kinds of other ideas to try to solve it and those ideas take on a life of their own.
- u214 Postanejo, mislim, postopoma porodijo nekaj podobnega Langlandsovemu programu. Res velike stvari, ki so potem uporabljene v Wilesovem dokazu. Modularne forme. Mislim, ne poznam Wilesovega dokaza, ampak zdi se, da uporablja res neznansko obsežen sklop idej, ki je precej lepši in močnejši in ustvarjalnejši v tem smislu, da matematika ustvarja novo matematiko in več razumevanja in veliko drugih odličnih rezultatov, ob tem pa, v redu, dobimo Fermatov veliki izrek, vendar to ni bistvo.They become I mean they gradually give rise to something close to the Langlands program. You know like really big stuff that that ends up getting used in Wiles' proof. Modular forms. I mean I don't know Wiles' proof but it but it sounds like a really absolutely enormous set of ideas gets used that is way more beautiful and powerful and and generative in this sense that it's math making more math and more understanding and lots of other great results that along the way being okay we get Fermat's Last Theorem but that's not the point.
- u215 In zato se je Gauss toliko pritoževal nad Goldbachovo domnevo. Kajne? Mislim, Goldbachova domneva, da je vsako sodo število vsota dveh praštevil, še vedno ni rešena. Na neki način se zdi boljše vprašanje kot Fermatov veliki izrek.And this is why Gauss complained so much about Goldbach's conjecture. Right? I mean, Goldbach's conjecture that every even number is the sum of two prime numbers still unsolved. Seems like it in a way a better question than Fermat's Last Theorem.
- u216 Tako preprosta je. Pa vendar se zelo malo matematikov ob Goldbachovi domnevi razneži in navduši, ker ni bila ustvarjalno plodna. Ne, ni ustvarila enake okoliške nadgradnje odlične matematike.So simple. And yet very few mathematicians get all weepy and excited about Goldbach's conjecture because it hasn't been generative. It doesn't It didn't produce the same kind of surrounding superstructure of great math.
- u217 Je nekako obrobna. Nekje tam zunaj, nepovezana z velikim korpusom druge matematike. Torej v tej določeni estetiki, mislim, Gauss je imel neki citat. Ne spomnim se natančnega besedila, ampak nekaj takega: ah, saj veste, lahko si je izmisliti vprašanje, ki ga ne moreš niti dokazati niti najti protiprimera in ni povezano z ničimer drugim, in to ni zanimivo.It's like sort of peripheral. It's kind of out there, not connecting to the great body of other math. So, in this certain aesthetic I mean, Gauss had some quote. I don't remember the exact wording, but it's something like Ah, you know, it's easy to make up a question that you could neither prove nor find a counterexample to and it's not connected to anything else and that's of no interest.
- u218 Torej je Gaussa odbijala obrobna narava te domneve, Goldbachove domneve, in mislim, da je odvrnila. No, to ni povsem res. Tudi z Goldbachovo domnevo je povezana lepa matematika, vendar ne tako lepa in ne tako medsebojno povezana kot pri Fermatovem velikem izreku.So, so it was the peripheral nature of the of the conjecture Goldbach's conjecture that turned off Gauss and I think turned Now, it's not totally true. There is beautiful math connected to Goldbach's conjecture, too, but not as beautiful as the math and not as interconnected as Fermat's Last Theorem.
- u219 Torej je za določeno pleme to bistvo čiste matematike. Jaz, saj veš, glej, tu govorim o tuji kulturi. To niso ravno moji ljudje.So, according to certain tribe this is what pure math is all about. I you know, look, this is me talking about a foreign culture. It's not really my people.
- u220 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u221 >> Jaz jaz sem med tistimi, ki bi radi govorili o Maxwellu. Saj veš, ali>> I'm I'm the people I want to talk about Maxwell. You know, or
- u222 >> Tako je.>> Right.
- u223 >> ali Einsteinu. Mislim, očitno sem fizik v matematikovi preobleki. Pa tudi biolog.>> or Einstein. I mean, I guess I'm a physicist in mathematician's clothing. But a biologist, too.
- u224 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u225 Bodo človeški matematiki še obstajali?Will human mathematicians exist?
- u226 >> Jaz jaz bi rad ostal osredotočen na to plat, ker je v mislih številnih mladih predvsem vprašanje, kakšna je vloga. Prvič, bodo človeški matematiki še obstajali? Hm, je že vnaprej brezupno sploh iti na doktorat? In drugič, kakšna je njihova vloga, če bodo obstajali?>> I I think I wanted like stay drilled on the the side cuz what's what's salient in the minds of a lot of young people is just what is the role One, will human mathematicians exist? Um you know, is it is it dead in the water to even like go go into to a PhD? And then two, what what is the role if they do exist?
47:43 · Split-screen video call of two smiling podcast hosts · A still from a two-person video recording split into left and right panels. On the left, a man with glasses and over-ear headphones laughs in front of a microphone, with a backdrop of a clock tower and distant lake. On the right, a man in a gray-blue T-shirt looks down smiling with one hand behind his head, seated at a pop-filter microphone in front of bookshelves. - u227 In torej, mogoče najprej, poskušal sem se ugrizniti v jezik. Nočem vnašati preveč svojih mnenjAnd so, maybe first I've been trying to hold my tongue. I don't want to insert too many of my own opinions
- u228 >> Kar razveži jezik, človek.>> your tongue flapping, man.
- u229 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u230 >> To je tvoja oddaja. V redu, ti si lahko na tisti strani mikrofona.>> I It's your show. Okay, you can be on that side of the microphone.
- u231 >> No, torej vsaj poišči luknje v, prosim, poišči luknje v tem. Rad bi vsaj pojasnil, zakaj mislim, da bodo matematiki obstajali, da pa je povsem odprto vprašanje, kaj natančno bodo počeli. In potem bi to mogoče postavilo okvir za razmišljanje o vprašanju, saj veš, če gre za ustvarjalno plodnost, komu je to pomembno?>> Well, so at the at the very least poke holes in Please poke holes in this. I just want to at least lay out why I think like mathematicians will exist, but it's kind of this wide-open question on exactly what they do. And then And then that might set the framing for how we think about this question of, you know, in so far as it's about uh uh being generative, like to whom does that matter?
- u232 Torej, samo z vidika, zakaj je to služba, od kod prihaja denar za matematike? Mislim, da je pomembno, da ima mlad študent jasno predstavo o tem, ker je to v primerjavi z drugimi deli gospodarstva zelo nenavadna služba.So, just from a from a side point of why is this a job, where does the money flow from for mathematicians? I think it's important to for a young student to have a clear vision of that in their mind, cuz it is a very weird job compared to other portions of the economy.
- u233 >> Govoriva o akademskem matematiku, ki je profesor, ali, ampak toliko matematikov ima službe z nazivom podatkovni analitik.>> Are we talking about an academic mathematician who's a professor or are we But but there's so many mathematicians with jobs called data analyst.
- u234 >> A, oh, kako čudovit odgovor v slogu Steva Strogatza, češ, to je>> A Oh, what a what a wonderful Steve Strogatz answer on like this is
- u235 >> Kaj je kriptograf? Kdo, kaj, kdo zaposluje več matematikov kot kdorkoli drug? Agencija za nacionalno varnost.>> What is a cryptographer? Who do what Who Who employs more mathematicians than anybody? The National Security Agency.
- u236 >> V redu, to mi je všeč.>> Okay, I love this.
- u237 >> V redu, ne misliš njih. Rad bi govoril o profesorjih matematike.>> Okay, you don't mean them. You want to talk about math professors.
- u238 >> In zaradi jasnosti najprej govoriva o profesorjih, ampak pravzaprav bi morala pogledati širše.>> And for the sake of clarity, let's let's let's first talk about professors, but actually we should zoom out.
- u239 >> Se strinjam.>> I think so.
- u240 >> Najprej o profesorjih, potem pa poglejva širše. V redu, razlog, zakaj se je smiselno najprej osredotočiti na profesorje, je: kdo izobražuje vse kriptografe? Kdo izobražuje vse podatkovne, vse, eden najdragocenejših stranskih učinkov obstoja matematičnih oddelkov so vsi ljudje, ki jim v narekovajih ne uspe priti v akademski svet ali ki na koncu ne postanejo profesorji.>> First on the side of professors, then let's zoom out. It's Okay, the reason it's relevant just to focus on the professors before the zoom out, who trains all the cryptographers? Who trains all of the data all of the Like one of the most valuable externalities from the existence of math departments are all of the people who like quote unquote fail to go into academia, or like don't end up becoming professors.
- u241 Ves ta matematični talent in sposobnost reševanja problemov se prelivata navzven prek ljudi, ki so morda šli na doktorat, morda so samo diplomirali, in ne gredo nujno v akademski svet. Pomembno pa je, da so znaten del svojih oblikovalnih mladih let, vsaj dodiplomska, morda podiplomska leta, preživeli na matematičnem oddelku ali nekje blizu njega.You have this just spilling over of mathematical talent and problem-solving ability out of people that maybe they pursued a PhD, maybe they uh just got their undergrad, who don't necessarily go into academia. But importantly, they spent a meaningful part of their formative youth, at least undergrad years, maybe grad years, in a math department or something adjacent to a math department.
- u242 In zato je vprašanje, ali ti matematični oddelki obstajajo in ali obstajajo ljudje, ki izvajajo to izobraževanje, po mojem pomembno tudi za najširšo opredelitev matematika, s katero se tu strinjam s tabo. Hm, ampak samo glede akademskih matematikov: prvo si že nekako zadel, namreč, če slediš toku denarja, ga ogromno prihaja preprosto od poučevanja, mislim, za tipičen matematični oddelek. To je drugače kot pri drugih vrstah raziskav, kjer so včasih, saj veš, raziskave v naravoslovnih vedah precej drage in se bolj opirajo na javno financiranje ali zasebna dobrodelna sredstva.And so so the the question of like do those math departments exist and the people doing this training, do they exist? I think has has uh has bearing even on the the most the the broader stroked definition of mathematician that I would agree with on you on on here. Um but just on the academic mathematician said, one you've already kind of hit it where I think if you follow the money flows a ton of it is just uh just teaching, I think, on um for for a typical math department, which is unlike other forms of research where that sometimes, you know, uh harder sciences are quite expensive to do the research um and and there's going to be more that leans on public funding or or private philanthropic funding.
- u243 Seveda ima tudi matematika to, kajne? Obstajajo, hm, v ZDA recimo sredstva NSF, ki so pomemben del podpore matematičnim raziskavam. Obstajajo različne zasebne fundacije. Imaš tipične inštitute, recimo če si stalni član na Institute of Advanced Study, poučevanje ni tako velik del.Of course, math also has that, right? There is um there are, you know, in the US like NSF grants that are a meaningful part of what will support mathematical research. There's various private foundations. You have a typical institutes like if you're a uh a permanent faculty member at the Institute of Advanced Study, like teaching is not as as big a part.
- u244 Hm, poučevanje se mi glede varnosti zaposlitve zdi precej varno pred UI, če bodo univerze sploh obstajale, če bomo sploh imeli družbene strukture, podobne današnjim, bodo ljudje res cenili medčloveško plat tega.Um The teaching side of it, this strikes me as something that's quite AI safe as far as job security goes, insofar as if universities exist at all, if we have social structures at all like what we have now, people really will value the um the human-to-human side of that.
- u245 Hm, ljudje so o tem že pisali, da je kar dober primer covid in kako zelo so ljudje sovražili izobraževanje prek zaslona.Um and I mean people have have have sort of written about this on how like a pretty good case study on this is COVID and how much people hated uh education mediated through a screen.
- u246 >> Ja, tudi če je samo, Alex Kontorovich je to lepo izpostavil v nekem dialektičnem besedilu, ki sem ga nedavno bral, kjer je v bistvu rekel: glej, že zdaj imaš sedanjo raven poučevanja, ampak prek zaslona, in ljudje so to sovražili. Saj veš, mogoče bodo UI postale nadčloveške in bodo boljše celo prek zaslona, ampak če pomislimo, kaj se pri izobraževanju zares dogaja, je to zelo družbena stvar: ne gre za jasnost razlage, ampak za to, kaj te motivira za učenje.>> Yeah, even when it's just an Alex Kontorovich made this point in a nice like dialectical thing he was I was reading of his lately uh where it was essentially like look, you already if you have the current status of education ability but mediated through a screen and people hated it. I you know, maybe AIs get superhuman such that even through a screen they're better, but it's a very social thing going on if we think of what's actually happening with education where it's not about clarity of explanation, it's about what motivates you to learn.
- u247 In če pomislimo, kaj ljudi motivira, so to njihove povezave, predvsem čiste povezave, pa tudi mentorske in podobne, mislim. Neka tema me bo bolj zanimala, če vem, da si o njej pisal ti, Steven Strogatz, kot pa zgolj zaradi besed na strani samih po sebi.And if we think of what motivates people, it's their it's their connections, especially pure connections, but also I think mentor connections and such. I will care about a topic more knowing that you, Steven Strogatz, wrote about it compared to just what the words on the page in and of themselves can do.
- u248 Ta drobec medčloveške povezanosti je pomemben. Če torej predpostavimo, da poučevanje še obstaja, potem na njegov obstoj kot enega od virov financiranja matematičnih oddelkov nekako ne vpliva to, ali lahko UI bolje rešujejo probleme ali bolje zastavljajo domn- domneve ali bolje zastavijo celotne programe, kot je Langlandsov program.Like that little bit of human-to-human connection matters. So, if we presume that teaching still exists, um then the existence of like that as one of the funding sources towards what goes into math departments is kind of unaffected by whether or not AIs can, you know, solve problems better or set conjections conjectures better or set entire programs like the Langlands programs better.
- u249 Vse to je postranska stvar, ki jo matematiki izberejo za svoj preostali čas, torej raziskovanje.All of that is this ancillary thing of what the mathematicians choose to do with the surplus time that is, you know, research.
- u250 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u251 >> In del tega, kar se dogaja>> And some of what's going on
- u252 >> tako vidiš, ker se je navsezadnje skozi zgodovino to tako zelo spreminjalo, kajne? Preden so sploh zares, mislim, univerze niso tako stare.>> you see it that way because after all, historically, I mean, it's been changing so much throughout history, right? Before there were really, I mean, universities are not that old.
- u253 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u254 >> Okoli leta 1200 našega štetja ali nekaj takega, prve univerze v Evropi, nekje takrat. In dolgo je šlo samo za poučevanje. Ja, Isaac Newton ali Isaac Barrow sta sicer nekaj, raziskovala sta, ampak bila sta učitelja.>> 1200, you know, AD or something, the first universities in Europe or or somewhere about there. Uh and for a long time it was all about teaching. Yeah, I mean, Isaac Newton or Isaac Barrow did do some They did research, but they were teachers.
- u255 Potem pa po drugi svetovni vojni, to je velika stvar, ki res ogromno spremeni, ker se po eni strani pojavijo računalniki, sodobni računalniki, pa tudi zaradi vizije tega človeka, Vannevarja Busha, da potrebujemo raziskave in bomo z davkoplačevalskim denarjem plačevali te profesorje matematike, fizike in naravoslovja za raziskovanje, s tako radodarno podporo javnosti, da je podiplomski študij naravoslovja za doktorat pravzaprav brezplačen, za študij si plačan.And then after World War II, I mean, that's the big thing that really changes so much because for one thing, computers start to exist, modern computers, but also because of this vision of this guy, Vannevar Bush, that we need research and we're going to pay with taxpayer dollars for these professors in math and physics and science to do research with such generosity from the public that it's actually free to go You get paid to go to graduate school in the sciences to get a PhD.
- u256 To je res osupljivo. Nisem mogel verjeti, da mi ni treba staršev prositi za denarIt's really shocking. I couldn't believe it that I didn't have to ask my parents for money
- u257 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u258 >> za doktorat. Da mi bodo plačali, da doktoriram. Mislil sem si, to je nekaj najboljšega. Hm>> to go get a PhD. That that they would pay me to get a PhD. I thought, that's just the greatest thing. Um
- u259 >> Ja.>> Yeah.
- u260 >> Ampak koliko časa bo to še trajalo? Ker zakaj smo bili plačani za podiplomski študij? Zaradi hladne vojne? Ker je država nekako menila, da potrebujemo kader resnih tehničnih strokovnjakov, da ostanemo pred nekdanjo Sovjetsko zvezo.>> Now, how much longer will it last though? Because what was why did we get paid to go to grad school? Was it because of the Cold War? Because the country sort of thought, we need a cadre of serious technical people so that we can stay ahead of the former Soviet Union.
- u261 Mislim, to je zelo ciničen pogled, ampak mislim, da je bil to dejansko velikI mean, it's a very cynical view of it, but I think that was actually a big
- u262 >> Seveda.>> Sure.
- u263 >> V kongresu bi recimo rekli, da je pri financiranju znanosti dolgo šlo za to.>> Like in Congress they would say that's what science funding was about for a long time.
- u264 >> Torej ni samoumevno, da bo javno financiranje matematike še naprej obstajalo.>> So that this one is not a done deal on whether public funding like continues to exist for mathematics.
- u265 >> Lahko pa postanemo učitelji in ob strani malo raziskujemo. Kot smo vedno.>> But we may become teachers and do a little research on the side. Like we always were.
- u266 >> Ja, tudi če bi ga povsem odvzel, poklic ne izgine. Ne, jaz, če bi>> Yeah, even if you subtracted all the way, the the career does not die. No, I if I had
- u267 >> Ne, ne izgine. Kot učitelj.>> No, it doesn't die. I as teacher.
- u268 >> Ja. Ja. Če bi torej moral napovedati, bi si predstavljal, da javno financiranje>> Yeah. Yeah. So if I had to predict, I would imagine public funding
- u269 Zakaj se učiti matematiko, če jo zmore UI?Why learn math when AI can do it?
- u270 še naprej obstaja.does continue to exist.
- u271 >> Te smem potem vprašati, ker vem, da si o tem pisal. Zakaj se torej kdo hoče učiti matematiko, če, seveda, že kalkulatorji zdaj zmorejo najrazličnejšo osnovno matematiko, izračun napitnin ali usklajevanje čekovne knjižice. Torej, ker drug drugemu igrava hudičevega odvetnika.>> May I ask you then since I know you wrote about this. So why why does anyone want to learn math if Of course, the calculators to this right now can do all kinds of elementary math calculating tips or balancing your checkbook. So you Since we're doing the devil's advocate thing with each other.
- u272 >> Kakšen je tvoj argument, zakaj naj bi se kdo v prihodnje učil matematiko, glede na to, da lahko pritisneš gumb v Wolfram Alpha ali zdaj preprosto vprašaš Anthropicovega Clauda ali ChatGPT? Kaj bi torej rekel? Zakaj, ker te ljudje gotovo ves čas sprašujejo, zakaj naj se učim matematiko?>> You know, what's your argument for why anyone should learn math in the future given that you can press the button on Wolfram Alpha or now just ask Anthropic's Claude or ChatGPT. And so what would you say? Why why do you what cuz people must be asking you all the time, why should I learn math?
- u273 >> Mislim, da sta v bistvu umetniški in uporabnostni odgovor. Mislim, da umetniški ostaja precej nespremenjen v kakršnikoli prihodnosti z UI. In prej si to nekako že omenil, obstaja zelo edinstvena radost in notranja obogatitev, drugačna od skoraj vsega drugje, okoli katere je matematika razvila estetiko, in radost niti ni prava beseda za trenutek, ko nekaj razumeš.>> I think there's there's basically the artistic answer and then the utilitarian answer. I think the artistic answer stays pretty stable into whatever AI future you get. And you sort of hit it on earlier and like just the there is a very unique kind of joy and edification that is unlike anything you find almost anywhere else that math has really cultivated an aesthetic around that it's joy isn't quite the right word for when you come to understand something.
55:54 · Split-screen video interview of two men with microphones · A still from a two-person video call in split-screen. On the left, an older man in glasses, headphones and an olive-green shirt sits with hands clasped beside a microphone, with a blurred view of stone towers and a lake behind him. On the right, a younger man in a gray-blue T-shirt speaks behind a pop filter and a USB microphone, with a bookshelf and white door behind him. - u274 Mislim na prav določen trenutek, ko se ti nekaj posveti pri določenih vrstahI I think of a very specific clicking moment that happens for certain kinds of
- u275 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u276 >> tem.>> topics.
- u277 >> In, dobro.>> And like good.
- u278 >> Tega preskoka v možganih ne doživim pri ničemer drugem in to je takšno veselje, tako zasvojljivo. Mislim, da bodo gotovo vedno obstajali ljudje, ki so to doživeli in si želijo še več. Hm, in pravzaprav mislim, da je to za številne matematike, s katerimi govorim, dejanski razlog, da so šli na to področje.>> That that click that happens in the brain I don't get it from anything else and it's it's it's such a joy and it's it's so addictive. I think certainly there will always be people who have experienced that and just want more of it. Um and actually I think many of the mathematicians I talk to this is this is actually their motive for going into the field.
- u279 Ne toliko želja, da bi prvi nekaj odkrili. Ne toliko, hm, niti še živahnost kulture in skupnosti. Mislim, da so se v mladosti nekoč zasvojili s tem občutkom, karkoli jim je ukvarjanje z matematiko že pomenilo, in so si preprosto želeli početi še več tega in najboljIt's not so much they wanted to be the first to discover something. It's not so much um you know, it's not even yet the vibrancy of of the culture and the shared community. I think it's that at some point when they were younger they got addicted to that feeling of whatever like doing math meant for them and they they simply wanted to do more of it and the most
- u280 >> To je to.>> That's what it is.
- u281 >> Ja. Najbolj običajna pot, kako to početi>> Yeah. The the the most standard path for how to do that
- u282 >> Saj se spomniš, zadnjič, ko sva to počela skupaj in sem bil pred leti v tvojem podkastu, sem povedal vso zgodbo o tisti nalogi s trikotnikom v srednji šoli. Ja, zame je bilo to to. In želel sem ponoviti ta občutek.>> I mean you'll remember that was what the last time we did this together when I was on your podcast some years ago I told that whole story about this certain triangle problem in high school. Yes, that was it for me. And that what I wanted to reproduce that feeling.
- u283 >> To bo vedno obstajalo. Obstajali bodo ljudje, to so ljudje, ki jih pogosto poskušam nagovoriti s svojimi videi. Ta občutek so že doživeli in poskušam hraniti zasvojenost ter jim dati še nekaj takšnih trenutkov razumevanja. Še bolje bi bilo, če gre za nekoga, ki tega še ni doživel in mu lahko to v neki obliki ponudim prvič.>> That will always exist. There will be the people These are the people I'm often trying to either speak to with my videos. You know, they've already had that feeling and I'm trying I'm trying to feed the addiction and give them a couple more of those clicking moments. Even better would be if it's somebody who hasn't yet experienced that and I can offer it to them for for the first time in some form.
- u284 To je torej en odgovor, zakaj se še naprej učiti matematiko, in to v prihodnosti UI, kjer velja »vse, kar zmoreš ti, zmorem jaz bolje«, kjer ni ničesar, kar bi lahko naredil ti, UI pa ne.So that that's one answer on on why to continue to learn math and this is in the anything you can do I can do better future of AI where like there's just look there's nothing that you're going to be able to do that the AI couldn't.
- u285 >> To je brezčasno. Trajno.>> This is timeless. It's permanent.
- u286 >> Tako nenavadno si je predstavljati takšno prihodnost. Najprej morava dodati vsa običajna pojasnila, recimo da so ljudje še živi. To je dobra različica prihodnosti, ne slaba. Ampak v tej veji se bomo seveda osredotočili na človeški razcvet, ker na kaj drugega naj se sploh osredotočimo?>> That is such a wild future to engage with. First of all, we have to do all the normal coaching on like, you know, humans are still alive. This is a good version of the future, not a bad version of the future. But like in that in that branch, of course we're going to focus on the human flourishing aspect because what what else is there to focus on?
- u287 Hm, mislim pa, da imamo še nekaj let, preden se zapre ta vrzel pri »vse, kar zmoreš ti, zmorem jaz bolje«. In vedno znova se pojavlja ta pojav, da ljudje, ki se naučijo teh matematičnih abstrakcij in spoznajo, kako je v tem okviru brusiti sposobnosti reševanja problemov, nepričakovano postanejo uporabni na sosednjih področjih.Um I think we we have some years yet though that closes that gap on the anything you can do I can do better. And there's definitely been time and time again this recurring phenomenon where the people who learn these mathematical abstractions come to appreciate the nature of what it looks like to sharpen your problem-solving abilities in that context, find themselves unexpectedly useful in neighboring fields.
- u288 In to se mogoče navezuje na tvoje vprašanje, kaj je matematik. Ali so to vsi podatkovni znanstveniki, kriptografi in raziskovalci strojnega učenja, vsi ti. To so ljudje, ki so zelo produktivno izšli iz sistema matematičnega izobraževanja.And this maybe gets to your point on like what is a mathematician? Are all the you know, the data scientists and the cryptographers and the machine learning researchers, everybody there. The These are these These people who have just spilled forth from the the mathematics education system quite productively.
- u289 In vsi pišejo prijave za sredstva ter omenjajo primere, ki si jih navedel, recimo Riemannovo zanimanje za neevklidsko geometrijo, ki se pozneje razvije v splošno relativnost, ali kako prizadevanja za Fermatov veliki izrek porodijo stvari, kot so eliptične krivulje, ki so potem uporabne.And so, you know, everybody's writing their their grants talking about these the examples that you brought up on, you know, Riemann uh caring about non-Euclidean geometry that turns into general relativity later or pursuit of Fermat's Last Theorem gives rise to things like elliptic curves which are then useful later.
- u290 To je en stranski učinek matematičnega raziskovanja in njegovega institucionalnega obstoja. Po mojem obstaja precej neposrednejši: prelivanje vseh teh visoko izobraženih ljudi, izobraženih v smislu sposobnosti reševanja problemov, razumevanja matematičnih abstrakcij, veščih tega miselnega okvira, drugam.That is one externality that comes from doing math research and and that existing as an institution. There's a much more immediate one in my mind which is this spillover of just all the highly educated educated in the sense of capable at problem-solving, understanding mathematical abstractions, fluent in that framing frame of thought just just going elsewhere.
- u291 V karkoli zunaj akademskega sveta gredo, no, ne karkoli. Precej teh stvari je produktivnih na načine, ki jih je težko neposredno zajeti, zato so zelo dobro področje za zasebno dobrodelno ali javno financiranje ali karkoli že.Anything that's not academia that they're they're going into Well, cannot anything. Like quite a few of the the the things are are productive um in these in these ways that are hard to capture in a direct sense and therefore very good fruit for, you know, private philanthropic funding or public funding or whatever it might be.
- u292 Mogoče obstaja prihodnost, kjer je UI pri vsem tako dobra, da vse to postane odveč. Vsa kriptografija je avtomatizirana, vsa analiza podatkov je avtomatizirana. Ampak vsaj do takrat nočeš prehitevati in ustaviti sistema, ki ustvarja vse ljudi, ki so tam plodni.I you know, maybe there is a future of AI so good at everything that all of that's obviated. All the cryptography is automated, all the data analysis is automated. But at the very least in the meantime, you don't want to jump the gun on halting the the system that produces all of the people fruitful there.
- u293 In potem, karkoli se ti zdi pomembno, da zagotovimo dobro in ne slabo različico prihodnosti, pomislim na vse ljudi, ki tako rekoč zapuščajo ladjo tradicionalnih akademskih poklicnih poti v matematiki. Poznam nekatere, ki gredo na področje varnosti UI.Uh and then you know, what whatever it is that you think is important for making sure we're on that good version of the future and not the bad one, you know, I think of all the people who are jumping ship, so to speak, from the traditional math academic uh career paths. There's some I know that go into the AI safety side of it.
- u294 In verjetno je zelo dobro, da skušajo ljudje z vrhunsko matematično izobrazbo te veščine uporabiti pri različnih problemih, ki jih tam zastavljajo. O tem, kako dobro so ti problemi zastavljeni, si lahko misliš svoje. Zdi se preprosto zelo dobro, da tako izobraženi ljudje o tem temeljito razmišljajo. In s tega vid- se mi zdi jasno, da nekaj takega kot današnje ustanove, skupina ljudi, ki jim rečemo matematiki in delujejo na oddelkih, ki večinoma preprosto urijo ljudi v matematičnem razmišljanju, nekatere za nove matematike, mnogih pa ne.And it's probably a very good thing that the like highly mathematically trained people are trying to bring those chops into, you know, these various problems that they frame there. Think what you will of like how well-posed those problems are or not. It just seems like a very good thing to have people trained in this way, like thinking hard about that. And so from that temp- it just seems clear to me something like the institutions we have now of a group of people that we call mathematicians who exist in departments that by and large are just training people in mathematical thought, some of them to be new mathematicians, but a lot of them not.
- u295 To se mi kot ustanova zdi presenetljivo stabilno v primerjavi z veliko drugimi stvarmi, kjer lahko napredek UI avtomatizira naloge znotraj službe in potem službo v celoti. Vprašanje potem postane, kaj se ti ljudje v tej skupini odločijo početi na raziskovalni strani, pri vseh teh stvareh, za katere smo v preteklosti oblikovali posredna merila, recimo kako pomemben je izrek, ki si ga dokazal v doktorski disertaciji, in podobno.That as an institution strikes me as surprisingly stable compared to a lot of other things where AI progress tends to potentially automate tasks within a job and then and then the job wholesale. And the question then becomes what do those people within this group decide to do on the research side, on on uh the all of all of these things where we've come up with proxies in the past, you know, what's the significance of the theorem that you proved in your PhD thesis and things like that.
- u296 Sami lahko izberejo, kaj namesto tega uporabiti kot posredno merilo za odločitve o zaposlovanju, za presojo, ali je tema vredna doktorata, za odločitve o stalni zaposlitvi. Nihče drug ne izbira namesto njih. Povsem v rokah skupnosti je, kaj si zasluži akademski status in kaj ne.They have the choice for what to use as a proxy instead to uh make, you know, hiring decisions, to uh decide on is this a worthy topic for a PhD or not, to make tenure decisions. Nobo- Nobody else is making that choice for them. It is entirely within the community to decide what deserves academic status and not.
- u297 In to je po mojem zelo plodno, nimam pojma, kakšen je odgovor, ampak mislim, da je to zelo plodno vprašanjeAnd that I think is a very fruitful I have no idea what the answer is, but I think that's a very fruitful question to ask
- u298 Kaj naj si zasluži akademski status?What should earn academic status?
- u299 v tem trenutku.right now.
- u300 >> Mislim, da imam občutek, kakšen je odgovor. Skoraj kot všečki na družbenih omrežjih. Da [smeh] če lahko naredim nekaj, kar se ti zdi privlačno ali kar je tvojemu živčevju povzročilo droben drget užitka že ob misli na to ali ob pogledu na nekaj.>> I mean I do have a feeling about the answer there. It's that it's um it's almost like upvotes on social media. That [laughter] if I can do something that you find appealing or that gave your neural circuitry a little shiver of pleasure just to think about it or to see something.
- u301 In ne zato, ker bi bilo tako pretresljivo novo, saj bi lahko katerakoli UI to zlahka ustvarila s pritiskom na gumb. To ne bo več merilo. Samo: ali si užival v tem, kar sem ustvaril ali ti celo samo pokazal in utemeljil, zakaj bi moral temu nameniti pozornost.And it's not because it was so earth-shatteringly new, like any AI could have easily produced it at the push of a button. That's not going to be the test anymore. It's just did you enjoy what I created or even what I showed you and and what I made a case for that you should pay attention to it.
- u302 Zato mislim, da je to povezano z nekakšno karizmo, prodajno spretnostjo, nečim takim. Res gre za družbeno razsežnost, da drug drugemu dajemo užitek, in lahko vprašaš, s kakšnim pravim namenom. To je namen. Ne bo, mislim, del bo uporaben, za resnično reševanje problemov, pomembnih za življenje ali človeško blaginjo ali blaginjo planeta.That's why I think it is related to a kind of charisma, salesmanship, something like that. It's really about the social dimension that we're giving each other pleasure and you might say for what real purpose. That's the purpose. It's not going to be I mean some of it will be you to instrumental, like for really solving problems that matter to life or to human well-being or to the planet's well-being.
- u303 Ampak UI bodo pri tem imele zelo veliko vlogo. Tudi neodvisno od tega bo čisti del matematike po mojem precej tak kot zdaj: ali drug za drugega počnemo zanimive stvari ali drug drugemu kažemo zanimive stvari? Ali se lahko učimo drug od drugega?But the AIs will be playing a very big role in that. Even just aside from that, like the pure part of math I think it'll be a lot what it is now, which is do we do things for each other that are interesting or do we show each other interesting things? Can we teach each other?
1:02:33 · Man with headphones speaking at microphone, campus backdrop · A video still shows a balding, bespectacled man in an olive green button-up shirt wearing over-ear headphones and gesturing with his right hand while speaking. He sits at a studio microphone on a boom arm, in front of a backdrop image of a hilltop campus with stone towers, historic buildings, and a lake with hills beyond. - u304 Hm, in ali se lahko pri tem skupaj zabavamo? Kar je spet po mojem zelo blizu smislu življenja. Vsaj za akademskega človeka. Ampak res mislim, da se moramo vprašati, kaj počnemo s tem svojim kratkim prebliskom zavesti.Um and can we have fun doing it together? Which again I feel is very close to the meaning of life. Like for an academic person anyway. But um I I really think we have to ask what do we do with our blip of consciousness?
- u305 Saj veš, pepel v pepel in prah v prah. Atomi si in nekaj časa si organiziran na ta osupljivi način, ki lahko čuti užitek in srečo in ljubezen in žalost, in kaj boš naredil s tem obdobjem, kolikor let pač traja.You know, like ashes to ashes and dust to dust. You're you're atoms and for a while you're organized in this astonishing way that gets to feel pleasure and happiness and love and sadness and what are you going to do with that period of however many years it is.
- u306 To je bilo vedno vprašanje, ampak zdi se mi, da mnoge od nas sili v filozofsko razmišljanje, čeprav prej nismo, mislim, sam imam rad filozofijo. Vedno sem jo imel rad. Veri v preteklosti nisem posvečal veliko pozornosti, zdaj pa se zalotim pri branju nekaterih velikih verskih besedil, zlasti Pridigarja, ki je, saj veš, tisti, iz katerega izvira pesem skupine The Byrds Turn! Turn! Turn!, vse ima svoj čas, turn, turn, turn.And that's always been the question, but I feel like it's forcing a lot of us to become philosophical who haven't thought I mean I happen to like philosophy. I've always liked philosophy. I have not paid much attention to religion in the past, but but I'm finding myself reading some of the great religious writings, particularly the book of Ecclesiastes, which I you know, that's the one that gives rise to that song uh the by the birds turn turn turn to everything there is a season turn turn turn.
- u307 Hm, to je vrstica iz Pridigarja v Stari zavezi. In če ga nisi bral, nočem zdaj začeti pridigati, ampak sam ga do pred kratkim nisem bral. In je zelo neizprosen in sodoben ter ne posebej lahek za branje za tradicionalno pobožnega človeka.Um that that's a line from the from Ecclesiastes in the Old Testament. And if you haven't read it, uh I don't want to go on a whole evangelical thing here, but I had not read it until recently. And it's a very unflinching and modern and not particularly um easy to read as far like for a a traditionally pious person.
- u308 Bog se v njem ne pojavlja prav veliko.God doesn't appear in it very much.
- u309 >> Kaj misliš z neizprosen?>> What do you mean by unflinching?
- u310 >> Neizprosen v smislu, da pravi, da ni smisla.>> I mean unflinching in that it says there is no meaning.
- u311 >> Hm.>> Hm.
- u312 >> Prav nič te ne tolaži s tem, da si tukaj zaradi ljubezni ali opravljanja Božjega dela ali zaradi del, ki jih ustvarjaš. Vse to opisuje kot nečimrnost.>> It doesn't give you any comfort at all about um the reason that you're here is because of love or because of doing God's work or about the works that you create. All of that is described as vanity.
- u313 In nečimrnost v posebnem smislu. Ne pomeni nečimrnosti kot, oh, kako si nečimrn, domišljav. Pomeni, da vse počneš zaman.And it's vanity in a particular sense. It doesn't mean vanity like oh you're so vain, you're conceited. It means you're doing everything in vain.
- u314 >> Hm.>> Hm.
- u315 >> Vse je brez smisla. Vse je nečimrnost. Hebrejska beseda očitno pomeni paro ali dih. Vse je, nekako kot pojem prahu v vetru. Vse je para. Vse je minljivo. Zveni res zelo budistično.>> It's all pointless. It's all vanity. The The Hebrew word is apparently the word for vapor or breath. It's all It's all It's sort of like the concept of dust in the wind. It's It's all vapor. It's all transient. It's really very Buddhist sounding.
- u316 Približno.Roughly.
- u317 Pridigar: »Vse je lepo ob svojem času«Ecclesiastes: "Everything is beautiful in its time"
- u318 >> Torej, kaj si odnesel od tega?>> So, what did you take away from it?
- u319 >> Kaj odnesem od tega?>> What do I take from it?
- u320 >> Ja, ja. Kaj odneseš od tega?>> Yeah, yeah. What do you take away from this?
- u321 >> odnesem, mislim, v njem so prebliski upanja, stavki, kot je ta misel, da ima vse svoj čas. Da je vse lepo ob svojem času, pravi.>> take from it I mean there is there are glimmers of hope in it which which are um sentences like this idea that to everything there is a season. That everything is beautiful in its time, it says.
- u322 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u323 >> Oprosti, to je moja nova navada, jokanje pred kamero.>> Sorry, I This is my new thing crying on camera.
- u324 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u325 >> Ampak ta misel, da je vse lepo ob svojem času. Da dobimo svoj trenutek na soncu. Ko lahko ljubiš, ti je mar, si nekdo, lahko uresničiš svoje sanje, če imaš srečo. In to je to.>> But this idea everything is beautiful in its time. That That we get to have a moment in the sun. You know, when you get to love, you get to care, you get to be somebody, you get to live out your dreams maybe if you're lucky. And that's it.
- u326 Mislim, prav zato, ker je minljivo, ker je življenje tako kratko, je dragoceno. To niso izvirne misli. To so starodavne misli, ampak so prav tam v tem več tisoč let starem besedilu. In ko razmišljam, kaj počnemo, ko se ukvarjamo z matematiko, če so stroji boljši od nas?I mean, that It's because it's transient, because life is so short, that's what makes it precious. Uh these are not original thoughts. I mean, these are ancient thoughts, but they're right there in this several thousand year-old document. And so, when I think of what are we doing when we do math if the machines are better than us?
- u327 No, Terry Tao je že boljši od mene. Saj veš, ne gre za to. Gre za to, kar lahko počnem v tem pogovoru s tabo ali s svojimi študenti ali učitelji. To lahko počnemo, dokler smo živi.Well, Terry Tao's already better than me. You know, I mean, it's not about that. It's about what I get to do by having this conversation with you or with my students or my teachers. That's That's what we get to do while we're alive.
- u328 >> In praviš>> And you're saying
- u329 >> Pravim, da zato to počnemo. Če je matematika tista, zaradi katere zjutraj vstaneš, jo počni iz tega razloga. Če je to igranje kitare, če je pomoč človeku v hospicu, karkoli tvojemu življenju daje smisel, tega se moraš oprijeti, ker si tu samo kratek čas.>> I'm saying that's why we're doing it. If it's If math is the thing that gets you up in the morning, do it for that reason. If it's playing your guitar, if it's helping the person at the hospice, you know, whatever it is that gives your life meaning, that's what you've got to cling on to because you're only here for a short time.
- u330 Nekako mislim, da je to vse. In ko rečem, da je neizprosen, je tako neizprosen, da ima na koncu, če pogledaš tega Pridigarja, odstavek, ki so ga očitno pozneje dodali rabini in pravi: »Vse to je zelo lepo, ampak pravzaprav moraš v resnici samo početi, kar ti naroča Bog.«I I kind of think that's all there is. And the when I say it's unflinching, it's so unflinching that at the end of it, if you look at this Ecclesiastes, it has a paragraph which is clearly tacked on by later rabbis which says, "All that is all very nice, but all In fact, what you're really supposed to do is just do what God tells you to do."
- u331 >> [prhne]>> [snorts]
- u332 >> Torej poda zelo tradicionalen pristop od zgoraj navzdol, ki je povsem v nasprotju z vsem preostalim besedilom. Hm, v redu, nisem nameraval zaiti sem, ampak>> Like it's you know, it gives a very traditional top-down kind of thing that is totally at odds with everything in the rest of the text. It's um Okay, didn't plan to go there, but
- u333 >> No, ne. [smeh] Jaz>> Well, no. [laughter] I
- u334 Je matematična lepota odvisna od reševanja problemov?Does mathematical beauty depend on problem solving?
- u335 Vse to mi je všeč, ker v bistvu govoriš o človeškem razcvetu. In če praviš, da je matematika tisto, ob čemer imaš občutek najbolje preživetega življenja, ukvarjanje z njo, odkrivanje teh trenutkov razumevanja, potem je to razlog za to. Ne potrebuješ nobenega dodatnega opravičila.I love everything about this because essentially what you're getting at is human flourishing. And if you're saying like if if math is what what feels like a life best lived, you know, to do math, to engage with it, to find these clicking moments, that is the reason to do it. You need no You need no justification even further than that.
1:07:40 · Split-screen video of two podcast conversation participants · A split-screen video still shows two men recording a conversation, each with a microphone. On the left, a smiling man in glasses and headphones wears an olive button-up shirt, with a blurred backdrop of a clock tower and a lake. On the right, a man in a blue-gray t-shirt raises a hand to his forehead and speaks, with bookshelves behind him. - u336 Ni se ti treba opirati na dejstvo, da je prav tvoj prispevek tisto, od česar je odvisna prihodnost glede poznejše uporabnosti. Rad pa bi govoril o tisti sestavini reševanja problemov, glede katere sem prej nekoliko ugovarjal.You don't need to rest on the the fact that your particular contribution is like what what the future hinges on as far as like later utility down the road. I want to I do want to talk about that problem-solving component of it that I pushed back a bit earlier.
- u337 In jo nekoliko povezal, že si omenil zgodbo, ki si jo povedal zadnjič v tem podkastu, o določeni nalogi, ki si jo dobil kot mlad dijak, nepričakovano zahtevni nalogi o trikotnikih, in o iskanju ter veselju, ki je izšlo iz tega.And and and and and connect it a bit You referenced already the story you gave the last time you were on this podcast of a particular problem you were given as a young student that was, you know, unexpectedly tricky about triangles and and the pursuit and the joy that that came from that.
- u338 Hm, torej, to sem doživel in to bo nekoliko dolga misel, ampak poskusil jo bom obdržati razmeroma kratko. Večkrat sem doživel to, da se mi matematika zdi zelo lepa. Mislim, da se tudi tebi zdi zelo lepa. Številni matematiki si delijo določeno estetiko. Potem pa vsake toliko skušam komu drugemu pojasniti, kaj se mi v njej zdi lepo.Um So, I've had that and this is going to be a little bit of a long thought, but I'll I'll see if I can I can keep it somewhat short. I've I've had this experience many times where, you know, I find math quite beautiful. I I think you find it quite beautiful. There's a certain shared aesthetic among many mathematicians. But then every now and then I'm trying to communicate to someone else what it is I find beautiful in it.
- u339 In rad bi, saj veš, to je do neke mere vsa moja služba. Moral bi znati posredovati lepoto [smeh] matematike, pa redno naletim na neuspeh: včasih pri nekom, ki je povsem zunaj tega, preprosto nič ne klikne tako, kot bi želel. Mogoče govorim o Pitagorovem izreku ali določenem pogledu nanj.And I like to, you know, this is my whole job to some extent. I'm supposed to be able to like convey the beauty [laughter] of math and and and I run up against a regular failure, um which is that sometimes somebody who's quite outside of it it's just there's just nothing about it that's clicking the way that I would want. know, I maybe I talk about the Pythagorean theorem or certain way of seeing it.
- u340 In prikimavajo, pa ne gre za to, da ne razumejo. Kot da jaz vidim barvo, oni pa črno-belo. Pravijo: »No, vse to drži, ampak [smeh] iskreno, ne vidim, zakaj je to lepo.« In razmišljal sem o tem in mislim, da je moj občutek za lepoto dejansko bolj povezan z reševanjem problemov, kot se sprva zdi. V mladosti sem bil dober v matematiki ali vsaj v lokalnih okoljih dovolj dober, da sem se tako počutil kot samovšečen mladenič, kakršni smo bili mnogi nekoč.And it's, you know, they're they're they they nod along and it's not that they don't understand it. It's just something where it's as if I'm seeing a color and they they see it in black and white. They're like, "Well, that's true and everything, but I [laughter] got to be honest, I don't see why this is beautiful." And I thought about this and I think some of what's going on is my my sense of what is beautiful is actually more tied to problem-solving than it might seem at first where I, you know, in my youth was was good at math or in so far as, you know, in the local environments where I was enough to feel that way as you know, egotistic young man as as as many of us might have been at some point.
- u341 In včasih, ko sem videl neko idejo in pomislil: »O, vau, to je zelo lepo,« je to dejansko pomenilo: vidim, kako bi bilo to lahko pozneje uporabno, ali: to je pravi preblisk z jasnega, ki pomaga rešiti ta problem. In del mene lahko predvidi, da bom morda takšen preblisk pozneje uporabil pri drugem problemu in izpadel podobno bister.And um and sometimes when there's a given idea that I would see and think like, "Oh, wow, that's that's very beautiful." What that actually would translate to is I can see how this might be useful later or that is a real bolt out of the blue that helps solve this problem. And I can like part of me can predict that maybe I can use that same kind of bolt later on were I to come across another problem and seem similarly clever.
- u342 >> V redu.>> Okay.
- u343 >> Nekaj takega kot rodovne funkcije. Ko prvič izveš za rodovne funkcije, si rečeš: »Od kod je pa to prišlo?«>> Something like generating functions. You know, the first time you ever learn about generating functions, it's just like, "Where did that come from?"
1:10:09 · Split-screen video interview between two men with microphones · A still from a two-person video conversation in split-screen. On the left, an older man in glasses, headphones and an olive button-up shirt speaks into a microphone, with a blurred campus clock tower and lake behind him. On the right, a younger man in a blue-gray t-shirt sits before a microphone with a pop filter, with bookshelves and a white door behind him. - u344 >> Ja.>> Yeah.
- u345 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u346 >> Začutiš splošnost tega in dobiš občutek: »O, ko naslednjič naletim na to rekurzivno lastnost ali kaj podobnega, bom lahko uporabil to orodje.« In dejstvo, da je splošno in nepričakovano, je del tega, zaradi česar se zdi lepo.>> You can sense the generality of it and and you can have the sense of like, "Ooh, next time I come across this recurrence property or something, like that is a a tool that I'm going to be able to bring to bear." And the fact that it's both general and that it's unexpected, this is some of what makes it seem beautiful.
- u347 Ne igram toliko šaha kot ti, mislim, ampak včasih, ko vidim ljudi komentirati lepoto določene poteze, je del tega njena nepričakovanost. Pa tudi to, da je očitno koristna. To je bila dobra poteza. In če vprašamo, kaj jo dela lepo, se sprašujem, ali gre za občutek, da je to intuicija, ki si jo velja shraniti in jo morda uporabiti v prihodnji partiji.You I I don't play as as much chess as I think you do, but sometimes when I see people commentate on like a particular move being beautiful, some component of that is that it's unexpected. And it's also that it's um you know, it's clearly useful. That was a good move to make. And that if we say what makes that beautiful, I wonder if it's a sense of it's like an intuition to tuck away that maybe can be applied in a future game.
- u348 In če skušaš iz matematika ali študenta odstraniti reševalca problemov, če nimajo enake prakse resničnega ukvarjanja s problemi in spopadanja z njimi na isti način, vse te okoliške stvari, o katerih govorimo, češ, to je matematika za človeški razcvet.And if you try to take the problem solver out of the mathematician or out of the student and if they don't they don't have the same kind of practice of really engaging with and struggling with problems in the same way that all of these surrounding things that we're talking about and like oh, it's it's math for human flourishing.
- u349 To je tisto, kar ti daje ta neprimerljivi občutek, ali matematik pravi, da je to svetilnik, ki osvetljuje širšo pokrajino, pomembna pa ti je pokrajina. Sprašujem se, koliko te pokrajine ali tega globljega občutka razumevanja je odvisno od tega, da jo zaznava reševalec problemov, človek, ki se je nekoč res ukvarjal z reševanjem težkih problemov in si je nezavedno ali drugače nabral občutek, kaj bo pri tem uporabno.It's it's this thing that gives you this unparalleled feeling or mathematician saying it's the lighthouse that's shedding light on this broader landscape, but it's the landscape that you care about. I kind of wonder how much of that landscape or how much of that deeper clicking feeling is dependent on being perceived by a problem solver, a person who at some point in their past really engaged with trying to solve hard problems and has unconsciously or otherwise collected a sense of what's going to be useful for that.
- u350 In ta lepota in ta razcvet, ki ju opisujemo, sta povezana s tem. To je torej zelo dolgovezen način, da nekako pridemAnd this beauty that we're describing and this flourishing that we're describing is is tied with that. And so this is a very long with with way of kind of going
- u351 >> Ampak mislim, da ti sledim. Kar nadaljuj. Lahko postaviš vprašanje, ker mislim, da vem, kam meriš.>> But I think I'm following you. Go ahead. You can ask the question cuz I think I know where you're going.
- u352 >> Če bi imel mladost, v kateri ne bi imel, dobil bi to nalogo s trikotnikom in bi lahko preprosto vprašal ChatGPT ali kaj takega in bi ti pokazal odgovor, ali pa si omenil Goursatov izrek v kompleksni analizi ali nekaj takega. Če bi to prihajalo kot besedilo iz klepetalnega robota, če bi pri vseh problemih, s katerimi bi se lahko ukvarjal, način ukvarjanja vsaj načeloma, morda pa tudi v praksi, izviral iz tega, da ti, v narekovajih, vsevedna UI preprosto poda odgovor.>> If you had had a youth where you didn't have you were given this triangle problem and you could just ask chat GPT or something and it shows you what the answer is or like or or you mentioned Goursat's theorem in complex analysis something. If that was something that you know, it's coming out as text from a chatbot like all of the all of the problems that you could have engaged with the mode of of engagement at least in principle maybe also in practice came from the you know, quote unquote all knowing AI just giving you the answer.
- u353 >> Misliš, da bi to vplivalo na tvoj občutek za matematično estetiko, če bi bila takšna tvoja mladost?>> Do you think your aesthetic for math would have been affected if that had been your youth?
- u354 >> Zelo, zelo.>> Very very much.
- u355 >> Ja.>> Yeah.
- u356 >> Da. In zelo negativno. Zelo, bil bi prikrajšan.>> Yes. And um in a very negative way. In a very I would be deprived.
- u357 >> In kako potem to ohranimo? Kako>> And how do so how do we preserve that? Like
- u358 Matematična raziskovanja in uganka s trikotnikom z enim rezomMath Explorations and the one-cut triangle puzzle
- u359 zagotovimohow do we make sure
- u360 >> Ja, naj poskusim to zelo konkretizirati. Trikrat sem poučeval predmet z naslovom Matematična raziskovanja. To je predmet za ljudi, ki morajo za diplomo opraviti matematično obveznost, večina pa noče biti tam.>> Yeah, let me let me try to make this very concrete. Uh I have taught three times a course called Math Explorations. And it's a course for people who have a math requirement to graduate and most of them don't want to be there.
- u361 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u362 >> To so študenti politologije, arhitekture, česarkoli. Umetnostne zgodovine. Matematika jih ne zanima. Ne zares. Nekatere že. Ampak večina ga obiskuje, ker njihova fakulteta pravi: »Izpolniti morate splošno študijsko obveznost kvantitativnega sklepanja.« In to velja za enega lažjih načinov.>> You know, these are government majors, architecture, whatever. They're art history. They're not interested in math. Not really. Some of them are. But most of the people who take it are taking it because their college says, "You have to satisfy a quantitative reasoning distribution requirement." And um this is thought to be one of the easier ways to do it.
- u363 Lahko bi na primer vzeli analizo, ampak mnogi od teh študentov so jo že imeli in morda celo dobro opravili izpit BC iz analize. Tako so sploh prišli na Cornell. Ampak ne vidijo smisla matematike ali so jo sovražili ali pa so bili povsem dobri v njej in preprosto, karkoli že.Like you could take calculus, but a lot of these students have already taken calculus and maybe even gotten a good score on the BC calculus test. That's how they got into Cornell in the first place. But they don't see the point of math or they hated math or maybe they were perfectly good at it and they just whatever.
- u364 Torej nočejo spet delati analize. Zato so pri mojem predmetu Matematična raziskovanja, in da pridem k bistvu, ker se iz nekega razloga počutim tako dolgoveznega, mogoče zato, ker sem.So, they don't want to do calculus again. So, they're in my course, Math Explorations, and just to come to the point since I do feel so long-winded for some reason, maybe cuz I am.
- u365 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u366 >> Mislim, da je nujno ljudem dati izkušnjo ukvarjanja z matematiko. Cenjenje matematike ne deluje brez matematike. Pravzaprav ne deluje brez ukvarjanja z njo. Matematiko lahko ceniš pasivno. Lahko gledaš Granta ali mene, kako govorim o lepoti matematike ali bla bla bla.>> I think it's absolutely essential to give people the experience of doing math. Math appreciation doesn't work without math. Doesn't really work without doing math. You can appreciate math passively. You know, you could watch Grant or you could watch me talking about the beauty of math or blah blah blah.
- u367 To ni isto. Ne ustvari tistega nujnega, zaradi česar človek dojame, če tega ne počne sam. Ni treba, da je to napredna matematika. Lahko je čisto osnovna. Kot prvo dejavnost pogosto uporabim nalogo, kjer je sredi lista papirja narisan trikotnik.It doesn't It's not the same. It doesn't produce the necessary thing that makes a person get it unless they do it. Now, it doesn't have to be advanced math. It could be so basic. I mean, what I often use as the first activity is is a problem where there's a triangle drawn in the middle of a piece of paper.
1:14:38 · Man with headphones speaking at microphone, campus backdrop · A video still shows an older man with glasses and over-ear headphones looking down and gesturing with both hands while speaking near a studio microphone on a boom arm. He wears an olive green button-up shirt. Behind him is a backdrop image of a hilltop campus with a clock tower, stone buildings and a lake in the distance. - u368 In to je trikotnik, pravzaprav pri prvi dejavnosti pokažem enakostranični trikotnik. Potem ti dam škarje in rečem: »Tvoj cilj je izrezati trikotnik, ampak narediš lahko samo en raven rez.« Si že slišal za to dejavnost?And it's a triangle Actually, the the first activity is I would show you an equilateral triangle. And then I give you a scissors and say, "Your goal is to cut out the triangle, but you can only make a single straight cut." Have you ever heard this activity?
- u369 >> Mislim, da ne. Ne.>> I don't think so. No.
- u370 >> V redu. Torej imamo trikotnik. Lahko bi ga narisal, ampak dam prazen list papirja, le da je na njem velik debelo narisan trikotnik. Enakostraničen je. Tu so škarje. Izreži trikotnik, ampak rezati moraš v ravni črti. Študent pomisli: »To je nemogoče.« Potem pa drug vpraša: »Smemo prepogniti papir?«>> Okay. So, there's a triangle. I mean, I could draw one, but I give a blank piece of paper except it's got a big fat triangle. It's equilateral. Here's your scissor. Cut out the triangle, but you have to cut in a straight line. And then the student thinks, "That's impossible." And then another student says, "Are we allowed to fold the paper?"
- u371 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u372 >> In rečeš: »Kar dajte.« Potem vsi držijo papir proti svetlobi in ga prepogibajo, da se črte prekrijejo. Nato zarežejo in vsem uspe, trikotnik pade ven. Potem jim daš drug list, na katerem je kvadrat.>> And then you say, "Go ahead." So, then the kids are all holding up the paper to the light and get and folding it to get the lines on top of each other. Then they cut and everybody can do it and the triangle drops out. And then you hand them another piece of paper that has a square on it.
- u373 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u374 >> In jim je pravzaprav nekako všeč, ker jim je uspelo. Ponovijo. Kvadrat pade ven. Skratka, narediš nekaj preprostih oblik in vsem uspe. Potem pa jim daš raznostranični trikotnik. Vse tri stranice so različno dolge. Nobene simetrije, nobene očitne osi simetrije ali očitnega načina, kaj narediti.>> And then they're kind of actually like it because they did it. They do it again. The square drops out. Anyway, you do a few simple shapes and everyone can do it. But then you give them a scalene triangle. All three sides are different length. No symmetry, no obvious and you know axis of symmetry or any obvious thing to do with it.
- u375 In sam sem to delal na tečaju poučevanja s tem raziskovalnim pristopom. Nikoli me niso učili tako. Ob meni je bil kolega John Guckenheimer, ki je zelo hiter in pameten. John nekaj počne s papirjem, ga izreže in uspe.And I did this myself in a in a class learning how to teach in this inquiry-based style. Um I had never been taught this way. And next to me was my colleague John Guckenheimer who's very fast and smart. And and John is doing something with the paper and he cuts it out and it's it worked.
- u376 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u377 >> Jaz pa ne morem ugotoviti, kaj naj naredim. In čutim, kako mi postaja nerodno in kako zardevam, ker sem res počasen in sem vedno najpočasnejši. In začenjam čutiti to, kar čutijo ljudje, ki sovražijo matematiko.>> And I can't figure out what to do. And I feel myself getting embarrassed and my face is getting red cuz I'm really slow and I'm always the slowest. And I start feeling what people who hate math feel.
1:16:36 · Split-screen video interview of two men with microphones · A still from a two-person video call in a split-screen layout. On the left, a man in glasses, headphones and an olive button-up shirt looks down and speaks into a microphone, with a virtual background of a clock tower and buildings by a lake. On the right, a smiling man in a gray t-shirt sits behind a pop filter and microphone in front of bookshelves and a white door. - u378 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u379 >> Torej je res dobro iti skozi to. John pa zdaj dela štirikotnik, potem konkaven štirikotnik, vse, kar mu dajo, zmore. Jaz pa še vedno tičim pri raznostraničnem trikotniku. Ko to počnem s študenti in jim po več uspehih dam raznostranični trikotnik, ga nihče v sobi ne zna izrezati in mine kake pol ure.>> Okay, so it's really good to go through that. And then John is now doing a quadrilateral and then he's doing a concave quadrilateral and he Everything he they give him, he could do it. And I'm still stuck on the scalene triangle. Now, um when I do this with the students and I give them the scalene triangle, after they've had several successes, nobody in the room can do the scalene triangle and it like a half hour goes by.
- u380 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u381 >> In zanimivo, ko sem prvič to poučeval, mi je zmanjkovalo časa. Zazvonilo bo in pomislim, v redu, rečem: »Bi radi namig?« In kup študentov reče: »Ja.« Vsi preostali pa: »Ne.«>> And the interesting thing that happened the first time I taught this was I say I I'm like running out of time. And the the bell's going to ring and I think I Okay, so I say, "Would you like a hint?" And then a bunch of students say, "Yes." And then all the rest of the students say, "No."
- u382 >> Mhm. To je odlično. [smeh]>> Mhm. That's great. [laughter]
- u383 >> Ker so dejansko doživljali matematični trenutek. Vedeli so, da bi jim moralo uspeti, prekleto. Druge oblike so že naredili. In pomislil sem: »Vi ste najboljši.« Ker točno to, že ste na pravi poti. Zdaj veste, da to hočete narediti, in ni razloga, s tem ne boste naredili ničesar pomembnega na svetu.>> Because they are actually having a mathematical moment. They knew they should be able to do this, god damn it. They had done these other shapes. And And so I thought, "You guys are the best." Because that's exactly You're already on the right track. Now that you know that you want to do this and there's no reason this isn't going to do any important thing in the world.
- u384 To je samo igra.This is just a game.
- u385 >> Ja.>> Yeah.
- u386 >> Potem mi je neki študent pisal, in razumeti moraš, da so to vsi travmatizirani ljudje. Prvi dan jih prosimo, naj na tablo napišejo: »Katera beseda vam najprej pride na misel ob matematiki?« Dobil sem odgovore, kot so slabost, grdo, sovražim jo, sram.>> I had a kid then write to me and and you have to understand, these are all traumatized people. But on the first day we have them write on the board, "What's the first word that comes to mind when they think about math?" I got responses like sick, ugly, hate it, embarrassed.
- u387 Nekateri rečejo lepa, ampak večinoma je to skupina z veliko globoko zasidranimi travmami zaradi tega, kar se jim je zgodilo pri matematiki. Čez konec tedna pa sem dobil sporočilo študenta: »Ure sem razmišljal o tem in se igral s tem, nazadnje mi je uspelo in ne morem vam povedati, kakšen občutek imam zdaj.« Seveda mi mu ni treba povedati, ker je to občutek, o katerem govoriš.You know, some people say beautiful, but um mostly this a class that has a lot of built-in trauma about whatever happened to them in math class. So, but over the weekend, I got emails from one student saying, "I thought about this for hours and I find and I fiddled with it and I finally got it to work and I can't tell you the the feeling I'm having right now." But he of course he doesn't have to tell me because it's the feeling you're talking about.
- u388 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u389 >> Moj cilj pri Matematičnih raziskovanjih je torej vsakomur dati, najti način, da dobi ta občutek, ker je to pristna matematična izkušnja. In ni pomembno, da je to tako lahka, mislim, ni globok problem, ampak jim da globoko izkušnjo.>> So, my goal in this class, Math Explorations, is to give everybody find some way to get let them get that feeling because that's the genuine mathematical experience. And it doesn't matter that it's such an easy I mean, it's a very it's not a deep problem, but it gives them the deep experience.
- u390 Naj še ocenjujemo domače naloge?Should we still grade homework?
- u391 >> To je, v redu, odlično. In mislim, da je popoln primer, kako morda učinkovito uporabiti čas v razredu za to, ker je druga težava, s katero se seveda srečuje vsak učitelj, kaj narediti z domačimi nalogami. Ko vse več, in mogoče sem v nekem smislu samo naiven zunanji opazovalec.>> That's Okay, that's great. And I think a perfect example of maybe how to use classroom time effectively for that cuz the other struggle of course every educator is having is um what what to do about homework. Um when when more and in some sense maybe I'm just a a naive outsider.
- u392 Sprašujem se, zakaj sploh še ocenjujemo domače naloge. Vsaj nehajmo jih ocenjevati, potem pa je vprašanje, kako ljudi motivirati, da hočejo vaditi, ali kako ta čas za vajo prestaviti v skupinsko okolje, namesto daI feel like why are we grading homework anymore? Um at the very least stop grading it and then and then the question is, you know, how do you how do you motivate people to want to practice or maybe how do you shift that practice time to be in a in a communal environment instead of
- u393 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u394 >> se zanašamo na notranjo motivacijo nekoga, da vadi zaradi vaje same ali zgolj zaradi nadzorovanega testa naslednji dan. Takšne izkušnje se zdijo precej boljša uporaba časa v razredu>> relying on someone's like internal motivation to to do that practice just for its own sake or just for the sake of the proctored quiz that you'll take the next day. Um these kinds of experiences that that this feels like just a much better use of time in the classroom
- u395 >> No, ja in ne, ker je zelo počasno. Študenti pridejo po celem semestru tega, mislim, imam vse te, naj povem, to izvira iz zbirke knjig, ki jo lahko poiščete na internetu. Brezplačne so, z naslovom Discovering the Art of Mathematics.>> Well, yes and no because it's very slow. The students come out after after a whole semester of doing this. I mean, I have all these Let me say this comes from a series of books that you can look up on the internet. They're free called Discovering the Art of Mathematics.
- u396 Torej, Discovering the Art of Mathematics. Če v iskalnik vtipkate točno to besedno zvezo, boste prišli do ustanove Westfield State College. In, hm, West, mogoče to počneš prav zdaj.All right. Discovering the Art of Mathematics. If you type that exact phrase into your search engine, you'll be led to a place called Westfield State College. And um West I maybe you're doing it as we speak.
- u397 >> Ja, zanimalo me je.>> Yeah, I was curious.
- u398 >> Imajo približno 11 datotek PDF o matematiki in glasbi, matematiki in plesu. Vse je povezano z umetnostjo. Namenjeno je študentom humanističnih in splošnoizobraževalnih smeri in ves čas, mislim, ogromno je sijajnih dejavnosti te vrste, ki so res praktične.>> They they have uh like 11 PDFs of um math and music, math and dance. It's all about art. It's for a liberal arts students and it's constant I mean it's so many brilliant activities of this type that are really hands-on.
- u399 To bi lahko delali na srednješolski ravni. Verjetno celo v višjih razredih osnovne šole, ampak mi to uporabljamo na fakulteti in namenjeno je študentom. Razložena je tudi celotna psihologija raziskovalnega učenja, ampak ob koncu semestra bi lahko vprašal: so se študenti česa naučili?You could do it at high school level. You could even probably do it at middle school level, but we use it at college and it's meant for college students. Uh and there's a whole psychology explained about inquiry-based learning, but at the end of the semester, you could ask, have the students learned?
- u400 Koliko matematike so se naučili? Po običajnih merilih bi rekli zelo malo. Jaz pa bi rekel veliko. In glavno je, da sem spremenil njihov odnos. Zdaj so pripravljeni. Zdaj so pripravljeni. Nekateri rečejo: še vedno se nočem ukvarjati z matematiko, ampak zdaj razumem, zakaj jo imajo ljudje radi.How much math have they learned? And by conventional measures, you would say very little. But I would say they've learned a lot. And I've The main thing is I've changed their attitude. They're now ready. They're now ready. And some of them say, I don't still don't want to do math, but now I understand why people love math.
- u401 Razumejo. Res razumejo. Vsi razumejo.They get it. They do get it. They all get it.
- u402 >> To se mi zdi veliko uporabnejše od česarkoli, ker ta obveznost, rekel si, da se imenuje kvantitativno sklepanje ali nekaj takega.>> It's I mean that that strikes me as much more useful than whatever cuz the major requirement you named it said it's quantitative reasoning or something.
- u403 >> Ja, tako se>> Yeah, that's what it
- u404 >> To nikakor ni kvantitativno, vsaj primer, ki si ga navedel na>> This is this is categorically not quantitative at least the the example you gave at the
- u405 >> imenu.>> name.
- u406 >> Beseda kvantitativno tu ne bi bila ustrezna. In pravzaprav mislim, da skoraj vsega, kar se dogaja na univerzitetnem oddelku za matematiko, ne bi imenoval kvantitativno razmišljanje. Seveda nekaj tega je, ampak če če če hoče kdo utemeljiti, kaj človek odnese od pouka matematike ali študija matematike ali takega usposabljanja, kar potem prenese v preostali svet.>> The word quantitative wouldn't apply there. And in fact, I actually think almost all of of what happens in a math department at a college level, I wouldn't call quantitative reasoning. I mean of course some of it is, but if if if someone wants to justify like what is it that someone's getting out of the the math classes or a math major or that kind of training that's brought into the rest of the world.
- u407 Vsi običajno posežejo po tej besedi, kvantitativno. Veste, to je to, zaradi česar je to prenosljiva veščina in vse to. Mislim, da obstaja veliko [se odkašlja] boljših poti do kvantitativnega razmišljanja.Like everybody usually goes towards that word quantitative. You know, this is this is what makes it a transferable skill and everything. I think there's many [clears throat] better paths towards quantitative reasoning.
- u408 >> No, lahko bi to počeli. Mislim, lahko bi rekli, zakaj ne, zakaj jih ne učim finančne pismenosti? No, tudi to je koristno. Ampak to je nekaj drugega. Poskušam jih naučiti tistega, kar so zamudili. In in in tega, kaj imajo ljudje, ki ljubijo matematiko, pri njej radi. To pa razumejo.>> Well, we could do that. I mean, you could say why aren't why am I not teaching them financial literacy? Well, that's useful, too. But this is something else. I'm trying to teach them what they missed. And and and what it is that people who love math love about it. They do get that.
- u409 Je to kaj vredno? Ne vem. Mislim, da je.Is that worth anything? I don't know. I think it is.
- u410 >> Se strinjam. Se strinjam. Mislim tudi, da je to odličen pristop, pri katerem, zlasti če imajo že na začetku travmo, želiš poskrbeti, da, hm, nekako položiš balzam na to travmo, preden nadaljuješ s čimer koli, kar poskušaš doseči, namesto da samo nabijaš še več nalog določene vrste.>> I agree. I agree. I also think this is a great way to get at it where you especially if there's trauma going in, you want to make sure to uh like put a balm over that trauma before you proceed forward in whatever it is that you're trying to get out rather than just like hammering in more problems of a certain type.
- u411 >> Ja.>> Yeah.
- u412 >> Hm, mislim, da je to morda povezano z drugimi vprašanji o tem, čemu se ukvarjamo z matematiko ali kaj je tisto, kar v nekem smislu to ni, nima neposredne zveze s tem, kaj počnejo matematiki prihodnosti ali bodoči študent, ki se zdaj odloča, ali naj gre na doktorat, in se sprašuje, ali naj bo optimističen ali pesimističen.>> Um I think this might have some relationship with the other questions on what is it that we're doing math for or what is it that in some sense this is not does not have direct bearing on what do the mathematicians of the future do or a prospective student right now contemplating if they should go into a PhD and wondering if they should be optimistic or pessimistic.
- u413 Veste, vizija, da študente humanistike učiš, da bi morda vsaj malo cenili tisto, kar se jim zdi lepo, tako da na pravi način prepogibajo papir. Za nekatere bi bil to, veste, pozitiven vidik tega. Ampak mislim, da bi se nekateri morda bali: »O, če gre pri vsem tem za deljenje razcveta matematike in če, hm, hm, če je to primer, kako je to videti, potem to nekako morda, nekako morda ne bi pustilo povsem takega okusa v ustih, kot so upali, kar zadeva delo na meji znanja in res res globoko poglabljanje v to, hm, ter uživanje v tej plati tega.«You know, a vision of uh teaching the liberal arts majors to maybe barely appreciate what they find beautiful by like folding paper in the right way. To some people that would be a you know, a positive aspect of it. But I think to some people maybe they would they would fear like, "Oh, if this is all about sharing the flourishing of math and if uh uh if this is an example of what that looks like, so somehow that might somehow that might not quite leave the taste in the their mouth that they they were hoping for as far as like existing at the frontier and and really really wallowing in that um and enjoying that side of it.
- u414 Malo me zanima, kako je pri vas, ker ker delujete na toliko različnih področjih, poučujete na univerzi, opravili ste izjemne raziskave, ukvarjali ste se z različnimi oblikami popularizacije. Kako se vam vse to prepleta?I'm I'm a little bit curious for you because you because you walk so many different lines, you educate at college, you have have done phenomenal research, you have done various bits of popularization. Like how these how these weave together for you?
- u415 Kako pomembna je izobraževalna plat pri izvajanju takih predmetov za bolj, hm, bolj uporabno usmerjene raziskave, ki jih morda opravljate, ali kako pomembne so [se odkašlja], recimo, pravkar ste napisali knjigo Big Math. Hm, v preteklosti ste napisali veliko odličnih knjig. Kako pomembno je to pisanje in in resnično odpiranje matematike navzven ter nekakšen, v določenem smislu, sestop pod raven, na kateri bi lahko bili glede, veste, hm, bližine meji znanja.How important is the education side in doing classes like this to more um more applied research that you might do or how important are [clears throat] like you just wrote this book Big Math. Um you've wrote many excellent books through your past. How important is that act of writing and and really turning math outward and kind of in some sense stepping below where you could be as far as you know, uh proximity to the frontier.
- u416 Hm, kako kako so te druge dejavnosti povezane z uporabno usmerjenimi raziskavami, ki jih boste opravljali ali ste jih opravljali v svoji karieri?Um How how related are those other activities to the the applied research that you will do or have done throughout your career?
- u417 Raziskovanje v službi poučevanjaResearch in the service of teaching
- u418 >> Hm, moj odgovor je poseben, dobesedno značilen samo zame. Veste, je je svojstven. To ni, to ne bi bil običajen odgovor, ampak ampak vedno sem si želel biti učitelj. To je, veste, če moram začeti pisati svoj poslovilni govor ali razmišljati o tem, kaj bo pisalo na mojem nagrobniku: bil sem učitelj, v srcu ne raziskovalec.>> uh, my answer is peculiar, literally peculiar to me. You know, it's it's idiosyncratic. It's not this wouldn't be the standard answer, but but I always wanted to be a teacher. That's you know, if I have to start writing my own eulogy or putting thinking about what goes on my gravestone, I was a a teacher, not a researcher in my heart.
- u419 Mislim, raziskovanje, raziskovati pomeni učiti sebe in učiti svet vsega, kar sem odkril ali kar smo skupaj odkrili s kolegi. Ampak zame sta temeljni dejavnosti poučevanje in učenje. Imel pa sem neko izkušnjo, ko sem nekoč delal na fakulteti, kjer študenti niso razumeli tega, kar sem jih poskušal naučiti, in to me je zelo razočaralo.I mean, a research to do research is to teach myself and to teach the world whatever I discovered or my colleagues and I discovered together. But I think of the fundamental activity as teaching and learning. I did have this one experience where I was working at a college at one point where the students weren't getting what I was trying to teach and I found that very disappointing.
- u420 Ne glede na to, kaj sem, kakšen prijem sem uporabil, preprosto ni delovalo. In zato sem čutil, da moram biti nekje, kjer študenti lahko dojamejo to, kar jim poskušam predati. In zato sem čutil, da moram biti, mislim, to bo zvenelo zelo grobo.No matter what I any trick I use, it just wasn't working. And that made me feel I have to be at a place where the students can get what I'm trying to impart. And so for that reason, I felt I have to be I mean, this is going to sound very crass.
- u421 Da moram biti dovolj dober raziskovalec, da lahko pristanem na takšni ustanovi, na kakršni si želim biti.That I have to be a good enough researcher that I can end up at the kind of place I want to be at.
- u422 >> Mhm. In hm, na Princetonu sem videl zelo dobre univerzitetne učitelje, ki niso dobili stalnega profesorskega mesta, ker sem si mislil, da niso dovolj objavljali. Verjetno ni šlo čisto za to.>> Mhm. And um, so I had seen very good teachers in college at Princeton who didn't get tenure because in my mind I thought they didn't publish enough. Probably wasn't exactly that.
- u423 Verjetno niso objavljali dovolj dobrih stvari. Ampak ampak kakor koli, vedel sem, da jih je pokopalo njihovo raziskovanje.They probably didn't publish good enough stuff. But but whatever, I knew that their research was what sank them.
- u424 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u425 >> In tako sem vedno čutil, da moram poskušati biti najboljši raziskovalec, kar sem lahko, da lahko poučujem tako, kot si želim.>> And so I always felt I have to try to be the best researcher I can be so that I can teach the way I want to teach.
- u426 >> Mhm. To je res zanimivo. Nisem vedel, da je šlo za raziskovanje in ne poučevanje.>> Mhm. That's really interesting. I had no idea it was it was research and not teaching.
- u427 >> Tako zavit način razmišljanja o tem, čemu raziskovanje: da lahko poučujem [smeh] dovolj dobre študente. In res sem imel to v glavi. Ne šalim se. Zdaj pa tega nočem preveč poudarjati, ker imam raziskovanje res rad.>> such a twisted way of what's the research for so that I can teach [laughter] good enough students. And that was really in my head. I'm not kidding. Now, I don't want to put too much of an emphasis on it because I do love research.
- u428 Nočem preveč poenostavljati. Rad imam skrivnostnost. Globoko sem zaljubljen v matematiko in znanost in vesolje in, veste, vse to, pravzaprav v vse učenje. Mislim, ne samo v znanstveni in matematični del. Vse življenje sem bil preprosto res rad učenec.I don't want to over simplify. I love the mystery. I'm deeply in love with math and science and the universe and you know, all of it all of learning in fact. I mean not just the science and math part. Just really loved being a student my whole life.
- u429 In želel sem si samo priložnost, da to počnem, da poučujem, da se učim. In raziskovanje je velik del tega, prav tako pisanje za širšo javnost in prav tako ta pogovor. Veste, mislim, vse to je zame, to je tisto, kar želim početi s svojim življenjem, s svojim svojim kratkim časom. Torej, to je to.And I just wanted a chance to do that to teach to learn. And research is a big part of that and so is writing for the public and so is doing this conversation. You know, I mean it's all to me this it's the thing I want to do with my life with my my short time. So, that's it.
- u430 Mislim, ampak raziskovanje je bilo na tej poti res vznemirljivo, ker sem imel tako dobre študente. Mislim, to je še ena lepa stvar. Ko delaš na vrhunski ustanovi, dobiš res briljantne, ustvarjalne, ambiciozne, znanja željne, goram kos študente, v nekaterih primerih dobesedno, imel sem alpiniste.I mean, but the research has been really thrilling along the way because I've had such good students. I mean that's the other nice thing. When you work at a top-flight place, you get really brilliant creative ambitious hungry mountain climbing in some cases literally I had mountain climbers.
- u431 Moj najslavnejši študent Duncan Watts je bil res človek za dejavnosti na prostem, ki je s konicami prstov visel z vrtoglavih prepadnih sten. Mislim, ni bil čisto kot tip v Free Solo, ampak mislim, je nor plezalec. In hm, tako sem lahko doživljal pustolovščine z ljudmi, kot je on, in veste, imel sem kakih 25 doktorskih študentov in veliko podoktorskih raziskovalcev in in briljantnih sodelavcev, svojega prijatelja Rennyja Morolla, svojega vseživljenjskega prijatelja.My most famous student Duncan Watts really was an outdoors person who would hang by his fingertips off of death-defying cliffs. I mean he was like not quite the guy in free solo, but I mean he's a crazy rock climber. And um so I got to have adventures with people like him and you know, I had something like 25 PhD students and lots of postdocs and and brilliant collaborators my friend Renny Morollo my lifelong friend.
- u432 Mislim, doživeli smo sijajne pustolovščine, kar raziskovanje tudi je. Ampak doživeli smo jih skupaj. Mislim, res gre za to, da greš skozi življenje z ljudmi, ki so ti pri srcu. Vedno znova se vračam k temu.I mean we've had great adventures which is what research is. But we had them together. I mean it really is about going through life with people you care about. Keep coming back to that.
- u433 >> Ja, mislim, dejstvo, da se vedno znova vračate k temu, nekaj pove, hm, tako o tem, kaj si želite, kaj vi osebno želite, da bi matematika bila, kot tudi o tem, kar bi po mojem pričakovanju želelo veliko drugih ljudi.>> Yeah, I mean the the fact that you keep coming back to that speaks to something um both in terms of just what you want what you personally want mathematics to be but what I expect a lot of other people would do.
- u434 >> Ja.>> Yeah.
- u435 Kako naj bi danes izgledal doktorat iz matematike?What should a math PhD look like now?
- u436 >> Mislim, da bi se z zadnjim sklopom vprašanj rad dotaknil te teme, da matematiki nekako lahko odločajo, kakšno bo področje, ali če če če za trenutek sledimo tej misli, hm, in je zdaj v tem pretresu, ker nekateri tradicionalni posredni kazalniki niso več tako uporabni, kot so bili nekoč.>> I think the the last line of questioning I want to get at here would be on on this topic of mathematicians kind of get to decide what the field might be or if we if we if we run with that for a moment um and it it's in this tumult because some of the traditional proxies are no longer as useful as they once were.
- u437 Hm, mislim, tu ste navedli zelo dober primer vseh drugih stvari, ki se jim lahko posvetite, da bi cenili te te bolj človeške vidike matematike, in ne gre nujno za pomembnost dokazanega izreka, hm, veste, lahko se morda bolj osredotočite na uporabo, ampak ali prav slišim, da sploh ne gre toliko za to, kot za to, da se preprosto želite poglabljati v znanje in ga pomagati predajati drugim, bodisi neposredno svojim študentom bodisi ljudem, ki berejo vaše knjige.Um I mean you you said a very good example here on all of the other things that you can pursue while like in the service of valuing these these more human aspects of math and it's not necessarily about the significance of a theorem that was proved um you know can maybe focus on more application but is it what I'm hearing here is it's not even as much about that as it is you're just wanting to wallow in the knowledge and help impart that to others whether it's your students directly or the people reading your books.
- u438 Kaj mislite, kaj, če bi bili, veste, na čelu morda enega oddelka za matematiko ali bi lahko zamahnili, zamahnili s čarobno paličico in kulturi vcepili občutek za to, kaj ceniti, kaj kaj bi bilo po vašem treba ceniti pri odločitvah o zaposlovanju, pri odločitvah o stalnih profesorskih mestih, pri odločanju, čemu naj se ljudje posvečajo, kaj ljudje, kaj je doktorat iz matematike, kajne, čez samo pet let, vzemimo študenta, ki začne zdaj, recimo objavi doktorat, kaj je, kaj to pravzaprav obsega?What do you think the What if you were you know in charge of maybe one math department or could sweep sweep a magic wand and instill the culture with a a sense of what to value what what do you think should be valued in making decisions around hiring making decisions around tenure deciding what people pursue what people what is a math PhD right just five years from now let's do student entering now like publish the PhD what is what does it actually entail?
- u439 Hm, kaj vam pride na misel kot, hm, kot značilen primer vseh teh stvari, ki jih želimo ceniti?Uh what comes to your mind as uh as emblematic of of all of these things that we want to value?
- u440 >> To je zelo zelo težko vprašanje. Jaz jaz, mislim, imam nagonski odgovor in zvenel bo izmikajoče, ampak to mi očitno najprej pride na misel. In sicer, hm, zelo globoko spoštujem individualnost okusa ljudi.>> That's a very very baffling question. I I mean I have an instinctive answer and it's going to sound evasive but it's what clearly comes to my mind first. Which is um I have a very profound respect for individuality of people's taste.
- u441 Ne, jaz, res se izmikam odgovoru. Nočem predpisovati. Prepoznam, ko vidim. Če če človek dobi svobodo, da se ukvarja z matematiko, ki mu nekaj pomeni, kar koli že to pomeni, in prav ta del je tako nejasen. Hm, ampak če so nekako njegovo srce in duša in um in morda orodja umetne inteligence vsi uporabljeni na najmočnejši način in najbolj pronicljiv in prodoren in, veste, nekonvencionalen.I don't I's I'm escaping really answering. I don't want to be prescriptive. I know it when I see it. If if a person is given the freedom to do math that's meaningful to them, whatever that means, and that's the part that's so nebulous. Um but if they're somehow their heart and soul and mind and maybe AI tools are all put in the most powerful way and the most incisive and penetrating and you know, offbeat.
- u442 Preprosto želim videti, da se ta človek izrazi na svoj edinstven način in nekaj naredi z matematiko. To si želim. In želim, da bi imel vsak svobodo to početi. Zdaj bi lahko rekli, da to sploh ni zahteva. Vem.I just want to see that person express themself in their unique way to do something with math. That's what I want. And I want to have everyone have the freedom to do that. Now, you could say that's not a requirement at all. I know.
- u443 Zato je to tako slab odgovor. Ampak pravzaprav bi si želel to.That's why it's such a bad answer. But that's actually what I would want.
- u444 >> Pravzaprav je to odličen odgovor, ker mislim, da je to eden od razlogov za optimizem. Ko utemeljujemo, zakaj je to, hm, ne samo primeren čas za študij matematike, mislim, da se da zagovarjati, da je to eden najboljših časov za študij matematike, prav zato, ker je kultura v takem preobratu in ljudje odločajo, kaj to sploh je. Zato lahko, če začenjate doktorski študij, v bistvu imate več, morda nimate neskončne svobode, a imate več svobode kot kadar koli prej.>> It's actually a great answer cuz I think it's one of the reasons for optimism. In in making the case like why is this uh not only is it a fine time to go into math, I think it's arguable this is one of the best times to go into math precisely because the culture is in such an upheaval and people are deciding what even is this. Therefore, if you are an entering PhD student, you get to basically you have more you might not have infinite freedom, but you have more freedom than you ever did before.
- u445 >> Kot kadar koli prej.>> ever before.
- u446 >> Da rečete, postavil bom zastavo, ki pravi: tako bi po mojem moralo biti. Če bi se, če bi se, hm, ko sem začenjal Three Blue and Brown, odločil, da želim to početi pod okriljem svoje doktorske disertacije na oddelku za čisto matematiko, veste, pred 10 ali 15 leti to nikoli, to preprosto nikoli ne bi šlo skozi.>> To say like I'm going to plant a flag that says this is what I think it should be. Like had I had I um decided, you know, when I was starting Three Blue and Brown, I want to do this under the guise of this being my PhD thesis in a pure math department, you know, 10 or 15 years ago, that never that just never would have worked.
- u447 Potreben bi bil zelo nenavaden oddelek, da bi o tem sploh razmišljal. Ne vem, ali bi to lahko naredil zdaj, ampak če bi bil mlajša različica sebe in bi se loteval iste stvari, pravzaprav mislim, da bi lahko v bistvu vzel take stvari, kot jih počnem, in utemeljil, hm, hej, odločamo se, kakšna naj bo matematika.It would have required a very peculiar department to even like consider that. I don't know if I could now, but if it was a younger version of me and I was setting out doing the same thing, I actually think I could basically take the kind of stuff that I've been doing and make a case for like uh hey, we're deciding what math should be.
- u448 >> To je pravzaprav zelo izjemna stvar. Mislim, ustvarili ste, ustvarili ste cel žanr. Mislim, ustvarili ste celo življenje. In spomnim se, ko sva o tem govorila blizu začetka in sva razmišljala o različnih načinih, kako bi lahko živeli to življenje, ki ste si ga zamišljali. In uspelo vam je, zdi se, da vam uspeva.>> it's a very remarkable thing, actually. I mean, you did you did create a whole genre. I mean, you made a whole life. And I can remember when we used to talk about this near the beginning and we were thinking about different ways for you to live this life that you were imagining. And you've you seem to be pulling it off.
- u449 Po zaslugi YouTuba, po zaslugi interneta in po vaši zaslugi.Thanks to YouTube, thanks to the internet, and thanks to you.
- u450 >> Imel sem, zgodile so se mi različne srečne stvari, zaradi katerih je vse to lahko obstajalo zunaj, hm, veste, tradicionalnih mehanizmov financiranja ali akademskega sveta ali česa podobnega. Ampak kar zadeva druge stvari, ki jih lahko pomeni biti matematik ali premikati človeško razumevanje naprej, kar koli že to pomeni.>> I had I had various lucky things that happened such that this whole thing could exist outside of um you know, traditional funding mechanisms or academia or things like that. But as far as other things that being a mathematician can be or pushing forward human understanding, whatever that means can be.
- u451 In morda za nekatere to res pomeni, da želijo ostati v ospredju znanja, in njihov doktorat je videti tako, da poženejo svoje umetne inteligence, da odkrivajo na stotine in tisoče izrekov na določenem področju, oni pa so tisti, ki s svojim okusom presodijo, kakšna je mreža povezav med njimi. In njihova disertacija je videti kot knjiga, ki predstavlja povsem novo področje, oni pa ga poskušajo nekako nežno oblikovati v razumevanje, ki bi bilo prepričljivo za druge.And maybe for some people that really is they want to stay at the forefront of knowledge and what a PhD looks like they spin off their AIs to discover like hundreds and thousands of theorems in a particular domain and they are the tastemaker to decide what is the network between these. And their thesis looks like a book that is an entirely new field and they are trying to like caress it into a sort of understanding that's compelling to others.
- u452 Ampak zajema stokrat toliko kot tisto, karBut it covers a hundred times as much as what
- u453 >> To je osupljivo. To je pravzaprav vizija.>> That's amazing. That is actually a vision.
- u454 >> Lahko bi bilo tako.>> It it could be that.
- u455 >> Lahko bi bilo tako.>> It could be that.
- u456 >> Mislim, ena analogija, h kateri se pogosto vračam, in to je tudi tesno povezano z vašim delom, so začetki teorije kaosa, kjer si predstavljamo, da bi lahko opredelili izreke teorije kaosa, ne da bi, hm, obstajali računalniki, ampak nekako je opazovanje pojavov, potrebno, da bi sploh spoznali, da je to teorija, ki jo je vredno, hm, opredeliti, zahtevalo avtomatizirano računanje, da si lahko izvedel milijone ali milijarde izračunov>> I think one analogy I often turn to is and this is near and dear to your work also is like the origins of chaos theory where we think of that as being you could have defined the theorems of chaos theory without um computers existing, but somehow observing the phenomena required to even realize this is a theory worth uh defining required automated computation such that you could run millions or billions of computations
- u457 Poincaré, Lorenz in rojstvo teorije kaosaPoincaré, Lorenz and the birth of chaos theory
- u458 inand
- u459 >> Ta primer je tako zanimiv, ker si je to zamislil nekdo brez računalnika.>> It's so interesting this example because it was invented by someone without a computer.
- u460 >> Mhm.>> Mhm.
- u461 >> Mislim, Poincaré je imel to težavo, da je bilo vse v njegovi glavi. In skoraj nihče ni mogel razumeti, kaj je bilo tam notri. Tudi ko je pojasnil, še vedno niso dojeli. Zato je trajalo 60 let, da je Lorenz to lahko prenesel na računalnik, in zdaj smo razumeli, kaj je Poincaré govoril.>> I mean, Poincaré had this problem that it was in his head. And hardly anybody could understand what was in there. Even when he explained it, they still didn't get it. That's why it took 60 years till Lorenz could put it on the computer and now we understood what Poincaré was saying.
- u462 Ampak pravzaprav je Poincaré videl večino tega. To smo lahko videli v njegovih zapisih.But actually Poincaré saw most of it. We could see it in his writing.
- u463 >> Morda torej poanta ni toliko v tem, da Poincaré morda obstaja, ampak kdo je Lorentz za neko še neopredeljeno>> I guess maybe the the the case then is not so like the Poincaré might exist, but who is the Lorentz for a yet to be defined
- u464 >> pade v gozdu, pa ga nihče ne sliši. Kajne? To je tisto. Poincaré je bil tako zgoden in tako daleč pred drugimi, da ga je lahko razumel samo Birkhoff. Veste, mislim, ta dva sta res, poleg tega sta počela nekaj, kar je bilo tako napačno v smislu, da je bilo to v času, ko se je dogajala relativnost.>> falling in the forest that nobody hears. Right? That's the thing. Poincaré was so early and so far ahead that only Birkhoff could understand him. You know, I mean those guys really plus they were doing something that was so wrong in terms of this was when relativity was happening.
- u465 Takrat se je rojevala kvantna mehanika. Nihče ni hotel slišati o klasični mehaniki. Mislim, to je bilo tako zastarelo. Ampak v resnici sta nekako izumljala, v redu, oprostite. Odneslo me je k zgodovini tega primera.This is when quantum mechanics was being born. Nobody wanted to hear about classical mechanics. I mean that was so yesteryear. But in fact they were kind of inventing Okay, sorry. I got distracted by the history of this example.
- u466 >> Ja. Ne, ne, všeč mi je. Približujeva se vašemu vašemu področju, ki vam je pri srcu. Mislim, torej mislim, da analogija, ki jo delam, potem ni povsem ustrezna, ker kar kar bi hotel reči, je, kar koli že je, ne, ne, ne, pravzaprav je dobra, ker jo morda lahko oblikujeva. Mislim, veste, nekaj je postalo mogoče zato, ker smo lahko naenkrat opravili milijone izračunov.>> Yeah. No, no, like I love it. Getting near and dear to your your particular field. I mean so I I think the analogy I'm making is not as entirely apt then cuz what I what I would want to say is whatever it is No, no, no, it's actually good because maybe we can shape it in. I think you know, there's a thing that was unlocked by being able to do just millions of computations at a time.
- u467 In tukaj je morda, hm, gre za oživitev tega, kar je Poincaré že odkril. Ampak kolikor morda obstajajo še druga opažanja, do katerih niso prišli samo Lorentz, ampak ampak tudi drugi, hm, ki so šli po njegovih stopinjah, in do katerih bi bilo veliko težje priti brez, recimoAnd here maybe it's um it is bringing to life what Poincaré had already discovered. But it in so far as maybe there are some other observations that not just Lorentz, but but others uh following in his footsteps made that would be much harder to make without the like
- u468 >> No, mislim, zagotovo Mandelbrot in fraktali. Veliko dela s fraktali res, in to je bila težava, ki jo je imel Poincaré. Tisto, kar je odkril v samem bistvu kaosa, čemur se danes, v današnjem jeziku reče homoklinični preplet. V svojih zapisih celo pravi, da težko sploh opišem, kar kar si predstavljam v mislih.>> Well, I mean certainly Mandelbrot and fractals. A lot of the work on fractals you really And that was the problem that Poincaré had. The thing that he discovered at the essence of chaos called the today in today's language which would be a homoclinic tangle. He even says in his writing that I I struggle to even describe what I what I'm picturing in my mind.
- u469 In ne bom poskušal narisati. Reče nekaj takega kot neskončna mreža. Neskončna rešetka ali nekakšno ogrodje. Katero besedo uporabi? Govori o nečem, kar gre takole in takole. In če kdaj narišete sliko, bi jo morda lahko naredili na three blue one brown, sliko homokliničnega prepleta.And I won't attempt to draw. He says something like an infinite grid. An infinite lattice or some kind of trellis. What word does he use? He's talking about something that's like this and like this. And if you ever draw a picture, maybe you could do it on three blue one brown of the homoclinic tangle.
- u470 To je resnično morasta oblika. In brez računalnika ni bilo nobenega upanja, da bi jo pravilno narisali. Ampak Poincaré si jo je predstavljal. Nihče drug je ni mogel razumeti. In ni je narisal. Tako da, kot pravim, kakih 60 ali 70 let nihče zares ni vedel, o čem govori. Zdaj pa jo lahko narišemo in vidimo, da si jo je predstavljal popolno.It's a really nightmarish shape. And without a computer there was no hope of drawing it properly. But Poincaré was imagining it. Nobody else could understand it. And he didn't draw it. So for like I say for 60 or 70 years nobody really knew what he was talking about. But now we can draw it and we could see he pictured it perfectly.
1:35:54 · Man with headphones speaking at podcast microphone · A still from a video shows a balding man with round glasses and over-ear headphones, wearing an olive-green button shirt. He is speaking and gesturing with his hands pressed together in front of him, next to a studio microphone on a boom arm. Behind him is a backdrop of a hilltop campus with clock and church towers, brick buildings, and a lake with hills in the distance. - u471 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u472 >> Ampak Mandelbrot, veste, ko lahko Mandelbrot s svojo tehnologijo pri IBM-u riše fraktale, hm, je to od leta 1985 naprej odprlo celo vesolje. Takrat so ljudje imeli osebne računalnike. Vsi so risali Mandelbrotovo množico na svojem ohranjevalniku zaslona. Mislim, vizualizacije ne smemo podcenjevati.>> But Mandelbrot, you know, when Mandelbrot can draw fractals with his technology at IBM um that opened up a whole universe starting in 1985. Then people had personal computers. Everybody was drawing the Mandelbrot set on their screen saver. I mean, the visualization should not be underestimated.
- u473 >> Torej na splošno, kar koli si ljudje želijo, da bi bil doktorat iz matematike. Svoboda ni neskončna, je je pa veliko več kot kadar koli prej.>> So broadly, whatever whatever people want the math PhD to be. There's not infinite freedom, but there's much more freedom than there ever has been.
- u474 >> Res je je več. Ja. Če če če oddelki tako gledajo na to. Mislim, vsi se spopadamo s tem. Mislim, vsak oddelek se sprašuje, kakšne naj bodo naše zahteve. Kaj kaj v tej dobi šteje za doktorat? In o tem se še nismo zares resno pogovarjali, ampak ljudje se zavedajo, da se moramo.>> There actually is. Yep. If if if departments see it that way. I mean, we're all wrestling with this. I mean, every department is asking itself what should be our requirements. What what does count as a PhD in this era? And we haven't really seriously had those discussions yet, but people are aware that we need to.
- u475 >> In včasih ljudje samo potrebujejo dobre primere, po katerih se lahko zgledujejo. In mislim, da bi, veste, če bi bil doktorski študent v drugem letniku ali kaj podobnega, morda razmišljal, da je ena od stvari, ki jih lahko zdaj naredim, vsaj to, da ponudim primer, ki je lahko del te razprave, namesto da čakam, da drugi ugibajo in mi povedo, kaj naj naredim.>> And sometimes people just need good examples to even look to. And I think as a you know, if I was a second year grad student or something, I might be thinking one of the things I can do right now is at the very least provide an example that can be an element of discussion happening here rather than waiting for others to speculate to tell me what to do.
- u476 Preprosto bom nekaj naredil in potem naj, veste, morda to zavrnejo. Ampak z ustvarjanjem lahko usmerjaš pogovor na način, ki je po mojem pogosto premalo cenjen. Človek, ki dejansko nekaj ustvari ali naredi nekaj novega, na koncu usmerja celo to, kako ljudje govorijoI'm just going to do a thing and then let them you know, maybe they reject it. But you can guide a conversation through creation in a way that is often underappreciated, I think. Just the person to actually make a thing or do something new ends up just guiding how people even talk
- u477 >> Aha. Preprosto ustvari dejstva na terenu. Ni nam treba govoriti o tem. Poglejte to.>> Aha. Just put the facts on the ground. We don't have to talk about it. Look at this.
- u478 Kaj čaka Steva v prihodnjeWhat's next for Steve
- u479 >> Ja, nekaj takega. Torej kot čisto zadnje vprašanje, hm, vsa ta razprava o matematiki in določena pozornost širšega sveta, ki se obrača k njej, in ali, veste, ljudje pravijo: »O, a ni matematika že rešena?« In in podobne stvari. Zmotno ali ne.>> Yeah, something like that. So as a very last question um all of this discussion around math and a certain spotlight from the broader world turning to it and whether you know, people saying like, "Oh, isn't math solved?" And and things like that. Misconception or not.
- u480 Kako to vpliva na vaše popularizacijsko delo? Veste, saj, veste, pravkar ste napisali novo knjigo, ali ali če predavate širši javnosti ali gostujete v podkastih, ali kaj od te spremljajoče razprave drugače obarva to, kar pišete ali govorite?How does this influence the popularizations that you'll do? You know, the the you know, you just wrote a new book or or if you're giving talks to the public or if you're on podcasts, does any of that surrounding conversation recolor anything that you're writing or that you're saying?
- u481 >> [prhne]>> [snorts]
- u482 >> Hm. Ne vem, zakaj ne morem čutiti, čutim, da mi je težko pristopiti k temu vprašanju. Hm. Del tega, naj povem razlog, ki se ga morda noče poimenovati, je, da je bilo delo pri pisanju te knjige in vseh knjig pred njo tako problematično za mojo družino.>> Hmm. I don't know why I can't feel I feel I find it hard to engage with that question. Hmm. Part of it, let me give the reason maybe that is doesn't want to be named, which is that the labor of writing this book and all books before it has been so problematic for my family.
1:38:36 · Split-screen video still of two podcast conversation participants · A split-screen video call frame shows two men recording with microphones. On the left, a man with glasses and over-ear headphones smiles with his hands clasped, in front of a backdrop of a clock tower and a lake. On the right, a man in a gray-blue t-shirt laughs with his head turned down, in front of a bookshelf and a door. - u483 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u484 >> In čas, ki ga vzame, in, hm, moja neprisotnost doma. Mislim, lahko sedim v sobi, ampak me ni tam.>> And the time it takes and the um lack of presence I show in my house. I mean, I could be sitting in the room, but I'm not there.
- u485 >> Ne bi se smel smejati. Mislim, da se samo preveč prepoznam v tem.>> I shouldn't laugh. It's just too relatable, I think.
- u486 >> Ja, v redu. O, vau. Prav, zato se smejete. Dobro. No, zaradi tega sem postal slab partner. Hm, moja žena mi že tako dolgo omogoča, da to počnem. Hm, zdaj postaja, mislim, matematiko sem začel resno popularizirati.>> Yeah, okay. Oh, wow. All right, that's why you're laughing. Good. Well, it's made me a bad partner. Um my wife has enabled me to do this for so long. Uh it's now getting to be I mean, I started doing math popularization in earnest.
- u487 Recimo, da okoli leta 2000. Torej je zdaj, kolikor že to je. Zdaj je 26 let. In to je velik del mojega dosedanjega življenja. In mislim, da tega ne bom več počel.I say let's say around the year 2000. So, it's now whatever that is. It's now 26 years. And that's a big fraction of my life up till this point. And I don't think I'm going to do it anymore.
- u488 Ne veliko. Mislim, v življenju imam druge stvari, za katere mi je bolj mar. Res si želim biti s Carol. Želim si, živim v mladosti svoje starosti, potovati z njo in reševati križanke z z in gledati neumno televizijo in, veste, se samo držati za roke in iti ven in kaj, veste, kaj sva počela?Not much. I mean, I have other things in my life that I care about more. I really want to be with Carol. I want to I live in the youth of my old age, to travel with her and do crosswords with with and watch dumb TV and you know, just hold hands and go out and what you know what we did?
- u489 Pravzaprav je povezano z umetno inteligenco. Sprehajava se po botaničnih vrtovih pri Cornellu, kjer imajo čudovite primerke vseh dreves, grmov in rož, kar si jih lahko zamislite. In lahko fotografiraš, veste, hm, navadno smreko, jaz pa ne ločim smreke od čuge, ampak chat GPT jo.Actually, it does have a connection to AI. We're walking in the Botanic Gardens at Cornell, which has marvelous specimens of every tree and shrub and flower you could imagine. And you could take a photograph of the you know, uh a Norway spruce and I don't know a spruce from a hemlock, but chat GPT does.
- u490 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u491 >> In lahko bi si priskrbel vodnika, ampak jaz jaz rad samo fotografiram drevo, ki je tik pred mano, in stroju zastavim majhen kviz ter ga dražim in se, veste, igrivo šalim z njim. Ampak Carol je tam z mano. Nisva samo jaz in stroj. Zabavava se s strojem in gledava naravo in sva na prostem in se učiva novih stvari in je zabavno in to počneva skupaj.>> And I could get a guide, but I I like to just take a picture of the tree that's right in front of me and do a little quiz to the machine and tease it and it, you know, playfully joke around with it. But Carol's right there. It's not just me and the machine. We're having fun with the machine and we're looking at nature and we're outdoors and we're learning stuff and it's fun and we're doing it together.
- u492 Torej,So,
- u493 >> [smeh]>> [laughter]
- u494 >> ne gre za popularizacijo matematike, ampak za to, da sem večni učenec. Mislim, da je to naslednje.>> it's not about math popularization, but it's about me being a perpetual student. I I think that's what's next.
- u495 >> No, omenili ste, da se vse vrti nazaj k smislu življenja. Zdi se mi, da je to popoln zaključek, da, hm, pravzaprav so mi stopile solze v oči. O, dobro. To je preprosto neverjetno prisrčno [smeh], kot>> Well, you you mentioned everything circles back to the meaning of life. I feel like that that's a perfect note to end it on that uh I would actually brought some tears to my eyes. Oh, good. That's just incredibly sweet [laughter] as the
- u496 >> To je tisto, to je tisto, kar mi je zdaj najpomembnejše. Torej, hm, ja, napisal sem še nekaj drugih knjig. Tudi te lahko preberete, če želite več.>> That's what That's what matters to me the most right now. So, uh yeah, I've written some other books. You could read those too if you want more.
- u497 >> Mislim, da ko vsi, hm, ja, ko ko bom pogrešal vaše pisanje in si želel, da bi ga imel več za branje, se bo del mene nasmehnil, ker bom vedel, zakaj je tako. In torej>> I think as we all um yeah, as as I'm sitting in a drought of wishing that I had more of your stuff to read, a part of me will smile knowing the reason for it. And so
- u498 >> To je razlog. Hvala. Ampak ja, jaz jaz, hm, sem nekako obljubil, da ne bom več pisal, ker je preveč izčrpavajoče. Preveč zahteva, mislim, je hkrati izčrpavajoče in poživljajoče. Ko ustvarjam te stvari, sem tako srečen, kot sem le lahko.>> That is the reason. Thank you. But yeah, I I um I've sort of promised to not write anymore because it's too enervating. It takes too much do I mean, it's both enervating and energizing. I'm as happy as I can be when I'm creating that stuff.
- u499 In pri tej zadnji knjigi, torej Big Math sem napisal s svojim res dragim prijateljem Alexom Townsendom. Mislim, tako lepo sem se imel. To je moja prva knjiga s soavtorjem. Veliko mlajši je od mene. Lahko bi bil moj sin. 28 let je mlajši.And in this last book, so Big Math is written with my really dear friend Alex Townsend. I mean, I have had such a good time. This is my first book with a co-author. He's much younger than me. He could be my son. He's 28 years younger.
- u500 In hm, zadnji 2 leti sva se imenitno zabavala ob skupnem razmišljanju o tej temi. To je nekaj povsem novega. Še nikoli nisem napisal knjige z nekom drugim. Z drugimi sem pisal članke in to je bilo zabavno. Ampak preživeti toliko časa tako intenzivno z z eno osebo, več let.And um we had the best time thinking about this subject together for the past 2 years. That's a whole new deal. I never wrote a book with someone else. I've done papers with other people and that's been fun. But to spend that much time that intensely with with one person for years.
- u501 Carol zaradi tega ni ravno srečna. Ker to ni ona. Sva jaz in Alex. In gleda me, kako se tako zabavam, ko z njim ustvarjam to stvar in razvozlavam stvari. In zdi se, da ni nikoli konca. Najprej je pisanje, potem promocija, potem govorjenje o tem.Carol's not that happy about it. Because it's not her. It's me and Alex. And she's seeing me having so much fun making this thing with him, figuring stuff out. And it seems it never ends. There's writing it, there's publicizing it, there's talking about it.
- u502 >> Veste kaj, bom [smeh]. Končajva tukaj, Stephen. To je bilo pravo veselje. Kadar koli z veseljem klepetam z vami.>> Tell you what, I will [laughter] Let's end it here, Stephen. This has been an utter delight. I can happily chat with you at any time.
- u503 >> Oprostite. Nisem hotel s tem prekiniti pogovora, ampak prav.>> I'm sorry. I didn't mean that to be a a shut down, but okay.
- u504 >> Nasprotno, nič me ne bi bolj razveselilo, kot da vas zdaj spustim v botanične vrtove s Carol in vas niti 1 sekundo dlje ne zadržujem za mikrofonom. Zato se vam najlepše zahvaljujem, da ste si vzeli čas. To je bilo čudovito.>> On the contrary, nothing would bring me more joy than to let you go into the botanical gardens with Carol now and not keep you on the mic for 1 second more. So, thank you so much for taking the time. This was wonderful.
- u505 >> Joj, Grant.>> man, Grant.
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